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Current Steering Digital-to-Analog Converters
Published in Krzysztof Iniewski, Circuits at the Nanoscale, 2018
A number of factors affect static or DC performance. Gain error is the deviation of the slope of the converter’s transfer function from that of the ideal transfer function (see Figure 12.1). Offset error is the deviation of the DAC output from that of the ideal transfer function when gain error is zero. Offset error is thus constant for all input codes. Differential nonlinearity (DNL) is the deviation of the actual step size at each input code from the ideal 1-LSB step. DNL errors can result in additive noise and spurs beyond quantization effects. Integral nonlinearity (INL) is the deviation of the actual output voltage from the ideal output voltage on a straight line drawn between the end points of the transfer function. INL is calculated after offset and gain errors are removed. INL error can also result in additive harmonics and spurs in the output. A DAC is monotonic if its output increases or remains the same for an increment in the digital input code. Conversely, a DAC is nonmonotonic if the output decreases for an increment in the digital code.
Data conversion devices and errors
Published in Patrick H. Garrett, High Performance Instrumentation and Automation, 2018
Converter nonlinearity is minimized through precision components, because nonlinearity is essentially distributed throughout the converter network and cannot be eliminated by adjustment, as with gain and offset errors. Differential nonlinearity and its variation with temperature are prominent in data converters in that they describe the difference between the true and actual outputs for each of the 1-LSB code changes. A DAC with a 2-LSB output change for a 1-LSB input code change exhibits 1 LSB of differential nonlinearity as shown. Nonlinearities greater than 1 LSB make the converter output no longer single valued, in which case it is said to be nonmonotonic and to have missing codes. Integral nonlinearity is an average error that generally does not exceed 1 LSB of the converter resolution as the sum of differential nonlinearities.
Coherent Optical Receiver
Published in Le Nguyen Binh, Optical Modulation, 2017
Integral non-linearity (INL) is a measure of how closely the ADC output matches its ideal response. INL can be defined as the deviation in LSB of the actual transfer function of the ADC from the ideal transfer curve. INL can be estimated using DNL at each step by calculating the cumulative sum of DNL errors up to that point. In reality, INL is measured by plotting the ADC transfer characteristics. INL is popularly measured using either (i) best fit (best straight line) method or (ii) end point method.
Time domain modelled ADC BIST with ramp noise projection
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2019
M. Senthil Sivakumar, S. P. Joy Vasantha Rani
where Va(k+1), Vak are the actual voltage transition points of (k + 1)th and kth code. Integral nonlinearity error (INL) is a deviation of the actual code from the ideal code transition.