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Published in Roey Izhaki, Mixing Audio, 2017
There are a few additional practices worth considering when submitting mixes to mastering: Do not fade—leave any fades at the beginning or end of each track for the mastering engineer. He or she can do more-musical fades once the order of the tracks has been determined, and can use any noises at the beginning or end of the track for noise reduction. Make sure that you leave the full reverb tail at the end of the track or any other instrument decay.Leave some headroom—traditionally, 3 dB of headroom was left on tapes for various reasons. For example, mastering engineers could boost on an equalizer without having to attenuate the mix first.Use WAV files—these are supported on both Mac and PC platforms.Keep the original digital audio quality—do not perform any sample-rate or bit-depth conversions. These are likely to degrade the quality of the audio, and have no advantage from a mastering point of view—many mastering engineers will convert the mixes to analog before processing, and will use high-quality converters to capture the analog signal and then convert it back to the appropriate digital format.
CHAPTER 6 Recording
Published in Richard Turgeon, Indie Rock 101, 2012
Headroom is a term referring to the amount of “room” you have between your audio signal's maximum volume and 0 dBfs in any given channel (dBfs is deciBels full-scale—a measure of level in the digital domain where zero is the top of the scale and all level values below that are referenced as negative numbers). Even though you set your hardware or software faders to control gain and relative volume for each track, the “maximum” volume for individual channels and the overall mix is of course typically dynamic, changing with each kick drum hit, guitar note struck, etc., and between silent and loud passages. Any channel is peaking when it hits a high or the highest level during playback (a peak being a high or the highest point in any audio waveform).
Preamplifier architectures
Published in Douglas Self, Small Signal Audio Design, 2014
One answer to this difficulty is to take the total gain and split it so there is some before and some after the volume control, so there is less gain amplifying the noise at low volume settings. One version of this is shown in Figure 7.1d. The question is – how much gain before, and how much after? This is inevitably a compromise, and it might be called the gain-distribution problem. Putting more of the total gain before the volume control reduces the headroom as there is no way to reduce the signal level, while putting more after increases the noise output at low volume settings.
Hosting capacity improvement for solar systems based on model predictive controller of volt-watt-var smart inverter functions
Published in International Journal of Modelling and Simulation, 2023
I. Hamdan, Ahmed Alfouly, Mohammed A. Ismeil
Specific voltage support is primarily accomplished by modifying through Volt-Var and Volt-Watt management of smart PV inverters, one or both passive and real power may be used, hence reducing voltage limits that frequently LV distribution systems’ hosting capacity should be limited [22]. By adding or taking away reactive power in over- and under-voltage situations, the Volt-Var control dynamically adjusts voltage at the POC. Additionally, the Watt-Var control mode or the reactive power priority mode could be used to operate the Volt-Var control mode. Reactive power is output from the PV inverter using Volt-Var control in Var priority mode, while the output of active power is constrained and dependent on the need for reactive power. By adding or taking away reactive power in over- and under-voltage situations. Watt priority Volt-Var control only uses the real power produced by solar panels and can deliver or consume Vars depending on the amount of headroom for reactive power. Inverters that prioritize Watt Voltage control cannot be achieved using a Voltage-Var control if they are running at full capacity. The Volt-Watt management mode, on the other hand, can only react to over-voltage situations by reducing real power output.
Design of IF-RF-Based Heterodyne Transmitter Using Current Steering DAC with 5.4 GHz Spur-Free Bandwidth
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Abhishek Kumar, Santosh Kumar Gupta, Vijaya Bhadauria
The schematic of RF DAC is shown in Figure 9. The circuit consists of biasing circuit and an RF DAC unit cell. The Vds of M1 transistor requires one voltage headroom. Similarly, M2 transistor also requires biasing by one threshold voltage. This type of biasing requires high input voltage and introduces considerable systematic error. A Sooch cascode current mirror [20] is used to accurately bias the current source. MB4 generates the required voltage difference to force MB3 to operate in the triode region. To bias MB3 in the triode region, the ratio of aspect ratio of MB3 and MB4 is calculated by considering current flowing through transistors MB3 and MB4, given as: The drain current flowing through both transistors is equal , so: Since MB3 is in the triode region and VdsB3 equals to overdrive voltage (Vov), so: Combining (15) and (16) gives: Thus, the width of MB3 must be three times to that of MB4 with identical channel length to force MB3 to operate in the triode region. Iref is the reference current, which is external bias current and it can be tuned to increase LSB current in the design.
Design of 0.13 µm low power CMOS subharmonic mixer for DCR applications
Published in International Journal of Electronics Letters, 2021
S Manjula, D Selvathi, M Suganthy, P Anandan
The folded type topology supports low voltage operation and alleviates the headroom issue. The proposed folded subharmonic mixer consists of RF stage and local oscillator (LO) mixing (switching) stage. These two stages are combined through AC coupling capacitor and the supply voltage of 0.8 V is separately given to these two stages. To increase conversion gain and support low supply voltage, the complementary current reuse structure is used as the RF transconductance stage. The RF stage consists of M1–M4 transistors. The differential RF signal is applied to M1-M4 transistors which are used for converting the RF voltage into current. Both PMOS and NMOS transistors are self biased by the feedback resistor RB. Blocking capacitors C1 and C2 are used to reduce the upsetting the gate source voltage. The self biasing avoids the additional bias for both PMOS and NMOS transistors. The PMOS transistor in RF transconductance stage acts in the current reuse principle. For large value of resistance RB, the RF gm stage is used for improving the conversion gain. The single sided RF current is the sum of the currents I1 and I3 of M1 and M3 transistors as shown in Figure 2.