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Signal Characteristics
Published in Kevin Robinson, Practical Audio Electronics, 2020
The idea is simply that some portion of the signal peaks are reduced or removed completely. Half wave rectification could be seen as an extreme form of asymmetrical clipping but in general clipping will be applied somewhat more gently. Even a small amount of clipping (only removing the very tips of the largest signal peaks and troughs) can result in a highly distorted sound. As illustrated in the third and fourth waveforms in Figure 5.5 two common variations on the theme exist. Asymmetrical clipping is where one side of the signal waveform is clipped more heavily than the other, which introduces a different balance of odd and even harmonics, and thus a different character to the sound. The idea in soft clipping is that rather than simply lopping off the tops and bottoms of the waveform they are instead rolled off more gently, producing less high frequency harmonics in particular and thus resulting in a somewhat less harsh form of distortion.
The Display of Visual, Auditory, and Tactual Information
Published in Robert W. Proctor, Van Zandt Trisha, Human Factors in Simple and Complex Systems, 2018
Robert W. Proctor, Van Zandt Trisha
The first two methods, increasing the redundancy of the speech message and increasing the signal-to-noise ratio, should not need elaboration. The recommendation to utter the speech with moderate vocal force arises from the fact that low-intensity speech will be “lost” in the noise, whereas high-intensity speech is less intelligible than moderate-intensity speech, regardless of the noise level. Peak clipping is performed by setting a maximum amplitude for the sound wave, then clipping any signal that exceeds that amplitude to the maximal value. Peak clipping the speech signal, then reamplifying it to the original intensity level, will produce a relative increase in the intensities for the frequencies of lower amplitude in the original signal (see Figure 8.16). These lower-amplitude frequencies convey the information about consonants and typically are the limiting factors in speech perception. Thus, a reamplified peak-clipped signal will be more intelligible than an unclipped signal of the same average intensity.
Correcting Video and Audio Problems
Published in Stefan Richter, Jan Ozer, Hands-On Guide to Flash Video, 2007
Now let’s look at Audition’s tool. Note that Audition automatically selects the entire audio file when you choose the Multiband Compressor tool. If you only want to apply the filter to a region in the video file, click and select that region before applying the effect. Choose Effects > Amplitude > Multiband Compressor. Audition opens the Multiband Compressor panel (Figure 6-18). Click the Effect Preset drop-down list atop the effect window, and choose Raise Vocals.Click the Preview button on the bottom left to preview the effect. Toggle the Effect Bypass button (to the left of the preview button) to assess the benefit of the effect.On the upper right of the effect panel, drag the Output Gain slider upwards until the loudest portion of your audio file is in yellow figures (but not red, which will cause clipping). Note the gain in dB. Once you apply the effect, if you see any clipping in the resultant audio file, you’ll have to undo and then reapply the effect with lower gain.Click OK.
An efficient SLM technique based on chaotic biogeography-based optimization algorithm for PAPR reduction in GFDM waveform
Published in Automatika, 2023
S. Selvin Pradeep Kumar, C. Agees Kumar, R. Jemila Rose
To reduce the high PAPR in GFDM systems, two PAPR reduction methods have been proposed: clipping [23] and precoding [24,25]. While clipping reduces PAPR, it also causes distortion and reduces bit error rate (BER) performance. The Walsh-Hadamard transform was employed in the precoding approach in [26], which resulted in a 2.5-dB PAPR decrease. Filtering is used to transport data symbols to the appropriate time slot and frequency range, allowing the data block to be split into many subcarriers and sub symbols. Using pulse shaping techniques, the PAPR was lowered by about 2 dB [27–29].
Differentiation of artificial rocks in mechanical cutting using acoustics emission (AE) towards selective mining
Published in International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 2023
Serdar Yasar, Ahmed Abdallah, Taras Shepel, Jörg Bretschneider, Carsten Drebenstedt
A number of trials were accomplished on amplifier to find the correct recording setting. For instance, in the case of high gain and high output, clipping occurs which means that the recorded sound is out of measuring limits which in turn means a defective recording. In order to avoid defective sound data, gain and output were adjusted nearly 50% of maximum.