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Borate Phosphors for Solid-State Lighting
Published in S. K. Omanwar, R. P. Sonekar, N. S. Bajaj, Borate Phosphors, 2022
The third evolution of light sources began with the introduction of fluorescent tubes by General Electric (GE) in 1939 [6]. Meyer et al. filed the patent in 1927 [7]. In the fluorescent tubes, UV radiation emitted by the low-pressure mercury plasma is used to excite the phosphor layer inside the tube. The emission from the blend of phosphors coated controls the colour of the light produced and prevents harmful UV light from escaping. Fluorescent lamps are more efficient than incandescent lightbulbs since they convert a smaller proportion of the energy into heat. However, the CRI produced is lower than an incandescent lightbulb. Moreover, mercury toxicity is the major issue with fluorescent lamps. Each compact fluorescent bulb has approximately 5 mg of mercury. Therefore, disposal of these on large scale will lead to mercury contaminating soil and underground water unless proper precaution is taken. However, fluorescent tubes are widely used for general lighting applications [1] at present.
E-Waste Management
Published in Biswaranjan Acharya, Satarupa Dey, Mohammed Zidan, IoT-Based Smart Waste Management for Environmental Sustainability, 2022
Babita Panda, Gyanendra Kumar Panda, Arjyadhara Pradhan
Producer responsibilityFor enforcing extended producer responsibility, the producer of electrical and electronic equipment shall be responsible for the given structure, namely, assemblage and processing of e-waste produced from the expired products as well as old waste obtained from the date on which the rules came into force. The system used for processing of e-waste from expired products consists of collecting them from their collection centers and sending them to certified disposal units as per the rule.For certain materials like fluorescent lamps or other lamps which contain mercury, simple recycling is not possible. In those cases, a pre-treatment is required to exhaust the mercury and decrease the quantity of waste to be recycled. Proper channelization is required from service center to the treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility centre.
Lamps, Source Types, & Relative Photometry
Published in Michael Stiller, Quality Lighting for High Performance Buildings, 2020
Fluorescent lamps first became available in the late 1930’s as an energy-efficient electric lighting source for use in the industrial and commercial sectors. The fluorescent lamp generates light in an entirely different manner than either incandescent or halogen lamps. It is a more complicated system and it requires the use of a ballast, which is an electrical device that regulates the current to first start and then run the lamp. The fluorescent lamp is a form of gas-discharge tube that uses electricity to excite a mercury vapor inside the lamp envelope, producing an ultraviolet light in the process that in turn excites a white phosphorescent coating on the inside surface of the lamp. The phosphorescent material glows brightly, emitting enough light to be useful as a lighting source in a luminaire. Fluorescent lamps have a far higher luminous efficacy than incandescent or halogen sources, with the more efficacious types producing over 100 lumens per watt of electricity (after allowing for ballast-related losses). And fluorescent lamps are dimmable, with some types able to dim down to as little as 1% of their full output. Dimming of fluorescent lamps requires the use of a dimming ballast, the specification of which will determine the degree to which the lamps can be successfully dimmed before flickering or being extinguished.
Condition evaluation and 3R guidelines for reuse of rare-earth phosphor from used fluorescent lamps in Japan
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2020
From the inception of fluorescent lamp recycling, glass, metal lamp bases, mercury, and other main components have been material-recycled according to the original purposes of the respective components. However, phosphors, including those containing precious rare earths, have only been used as covering material and the like, without effectively taking advantage of their characteristics and value (FRCCRS 2011; Takahashi et al. 2001). Nowadays, more advanced 3 Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycle) treatment of phosphors is required.