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LTE Cellular Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT)
Published in Hossam Fattah, LTE™ Cellular Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), 2021
NB-IoT devices are connected to the mobile operator base station, known as eNodeB. The eNodeB is connected to the core network. Core network contains the mobile operator network servers such as the server that authenticate and authorize the device to use the core network and be able to transmit and receive data through the core network. Authorization and authentication of the device are done by exchanging the data stored on the USIM used by the device. The core network also contains an Access Point (AP) and the device has to specify the Access Point Name (APN) when establishing a connection with the eNodeB. AP provides the NB-IoT device with connectivity to the Internet. The APN is the name of this access point which provides internet connectivity to the NB-IoT device. The APN is a name which follows the same rules of DNS naming convention.
Network Architecture, Mobility Management, and Deployment
Published in Saad Z. Asif, 5G Mobile Communications Concepts and Technologies, 2018
E-UTRAN only consists of one physical network element type, that is, eNodeB, and there is no separate entity in the form of BSC or RNC. All the typical radio functions and a MAC layer, RLC (Radio Link Control Layer), and RRC (Radio Resource Control) are part of eNodeB. EPC consists of three main elements, namely MME, SGW (Serving Gateway), and PGW (Packet Gateway). The main function of MME is to manage UE (user equipment)* mobility and UE identity and it is connected to E-UTRAN via S1-MME interface. SGW performs mobility anchoring for inter-eNodeB handovers and inter-3GPP systems. PGW is the mobility anchor for movement between 3GPP and non-3GPP access systems. PGW connects to external PDNs (packet data networks), operators’ IMS and non-IMS IP services, and provides access for trusted and nontrusted non-3GPP IP networks.
Software-Defined Networking and Network Function Virtualization for C-RAN Systems
Published in Hrishikesh Venkatarman, Ramona Trestian, 5G Radio Access Networks: Centralized RAN, Cloud-RAN, and Virtualization of Small Cells, 2017
Massimo Condoluci, Toktam Mahmoodi, Giuseppe Araniti
It is also interesting to see the transition from a fully coupled data and management/control plane in the mobile network to a relatively decoupled architecture. For the first time the long-term evolution (LTE) core network, that is, the evolved packet core (EPC), has a clear split into: (1) a packet-only data plane, comprised of a E-UTRAN Node B (eNodeB), serving gateway (S-GW), and PDN gateway (PDN-GW), and (2) a management plane to manage mobility, policies, and charging rules, comprised of mobility management entity (MME), policy and charging rules function (PCRF), and home subscriber server (HSS). Although the LTE architecture yields to easier management, it is still not as evolvable, flexible, and programmable as it can be. Furthermore and as mentioned before, the LTE design enforces a significant increase in the backhaul load and in the signaling message, as discussed by Nokia Siemens (2012).
An Improved Handoff Algorithm for Seamless Connectivity in Heterogeneous Networks
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2023
Here, the eNodeB is an LTE (Long-Term Evolution) radio base station. Such nodes are mounted at mobile operators’ cell sites and can be viewed as tall antennas also known as cell towers. Bearers are the tunnels used in a mobile network that use the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) architecture to link user equipment to Packet Data Networks (PDNs) like the Internet. In practice, bearers are concatenated tunnels that connect the user equipment to the PDN through the Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW). A maximum transmission unit (MTU) is the biggest frame or packet size, defined in octets (eight-bit bytes) which could be communicated to a frame or packet-based network. The transmission control protocol (TCP) for the Internet uses the MTU to define the determined size of every packet in each transmission. These parameters are taken because they have helped us to create a more real-time environment and these parameters are important to be considered for designing a mobile communication network. The various results are discussed below.
Optimized Handoff Algorithm for Heterogeneous Networks
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2022
Here, the eNodeB is an LTE (Long Term Evolution) radio base station. Such nodes are mounted at mobile operators’ cell sites and can be viewed as tall antennas also known as cell towers. Bearers are the tunnels used in a mobile network that use the Long Term Evolution (LTE) architecture to link user equipment to Packet Data Networks (PDNs) like the Internet. In practice, bearers are concatenated tunnels which connect the user equipment to the PDN through the Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW). A maximum transmission unit (MTU) is the biggest frame or packet size, defined in octets (eight-bit bytes) which could be communicated to a frame or packet-based network. The transmission control protocol (TCP) for the Internet uses the MTU to define the determined size of every packet in each transmission.