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Introduction
Published in Shoogo Ueno, Tsukasa Shigemitsu, Bioelectromagnetism, 2022
Shoogo Ueno, Tsukasa Shigemitsu
According to quantum mechanics, electromagnetic waves have properties of both a wave and a particle (photon). The photon energy of electromagnetic waves (U) is quantized with Planck’s constant (h) times the frequency (f). This energy can be expressed in electron volts (1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J). The following relationships hold for the electromagnetic wave.
Treatment of Metalworking Effluent: Chemical Precipitation, Advanced Oxidative Processes and Biological Treatments
Published in Ram Naresh Bharagava, Sandhya Mishra, Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira, Bioremediation, 2022
Daniel Delgado Queissada, Jesiel Alves da Silva, Vanessa Cruz dos Santos, Iraí Tadeu Ferreira de Resende, Débora da Silva Vilar, Ram Naresh Bharagava, Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
The ionizing radiation used, generated from an electron beam accelerator, has been developed as an advanced alternative treatment that can be applied to treatment of both surface water and effluent. The process occurs by accelerating subatomic particles from very low values up to several million and several billion electron volts (eV) and high kinetic energies, by the electric and magnetic fields combination. The unit electron volt corresponds to the change in the electron energy passing through a potential difference of 1 V in vacuum. This high voltage potential is established between the cathode and the anode, and it is precisely this potential difference that will be responsible for the acceleration of particles (Romanelli 2004).
Solar Energy
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Solar Technologies for the 21st Century, 2021
The above inverse relationship means that light consisting of low energy photons (such as “red” light) has a long wavelength. When dealing with “particles” such as photons or electrons, a commonly used unit of energy is the electron-volt (eV) rather than the Joule (J). An electron volt is the energy required to raise an electron through 1 volt, thus 1 eV = 1.602 × 10-19 J.
Accurate determination of mass and diameter of monodisperse particles by the electro-gravitational aerosol balance: Correction for the work function imbalance between the electrode surfaces
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2020
Keiji Takahata, Hiromu Sakurai, Kensei Ehara
The uncorrected number average masses obtained from the full analysis of each experimental EAB spectrum, together with the values of relevant quantities derived from them, in particular, the corrected number average mass ma and diameter Da, are given in Table 2. Their standard uncertainties are also included in this table. The magnitude of Δm amounts to about 10% of ma, which clearly indicates the importance of the correction for the work function imbalance. The corresponding correction in terms of diameter is about 3.3 nm. From Equation (7), the voltage correction corresponding to Δm can be calculated as ΔVAB = 34.5 mV ± 3.8 mV,4 meaning that the average work function of electrode B was larger than that of A by about 34.5 meV (eV: electronvolt). A rough idea on this magnitude of work function imbalance would be obtained by comparing it to differences in work function between different crystallographic planes of a crystalline solid. According to Baker, Johnson, and Maire (1971), the work functions of nickel (110), (100), and (111) surfaces measured by photoelectron spectroscopy are, respectively, 5.04 eV ± 0.02 eV, 5.22 eV ± 0.04 eV, and 5.35 eV ± 0.05 eV. This means that the value of the work function imbalance which we observed between the two nickel-electroplated electrode surfaces is roughly an order of magnitude smaller than the work function differences between representative crystallographic planes of nickel crystals.