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Circuit Variables and Elements
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Electric Circuits and Signals, 2017
The electric potential energy difference is the charge times the voltage. Considering the electric potential energy at b to be at zero reference, the electric potential energy of an electron at a is (–1.6×10–19 C)×(3 V) = –4.8×10–19 J. Because it is negatively charged, the electron has greater potential energy at b than at a.
Fuel Cells
Published in D. Yogi Goswami, Frank Kreith, Energy Conversion, 2017
For a fuel cell system, the electrical energy output is conventionally expressed in terms of the cell potential difference between the cathode and the anode. Since the (electrical) potential is the (electrical) potential energy per unit (electrical) charge, its SI unit is J/C, which is more often called volt or simply V. Potential energy is defined as the work done when a charge is moved from one location to another in the electrical field, normally external circuits. For the internal circuit of fuel cells, such as the one shown in Figure 25.3, electromotive force is the terminology often used, which is also defined as the work done by transferring 1 C (coulomb) positive charge from a low to a high potential. Hence, electromotive force also has the SI unit of J/C, or V. We shall adopt the terminology of cell potential, instead of electromotive force, from now on, and we shall use the notation E to represent the cell potential. Because normally electrons are the particles transferred that carry electrical charge, we may express the work done by a fuel cell as follows:
Thermodynamics of Fuel Cells
Published in Xianguo Li, Principles of Fuel Cells, 2005
For a fuel cell system, the electrical energy output is conventionally expressed in terms of the cell potential difference between the cathode and the anode. Since (electrical) potential is the (electrical) potential energy per unit (electrical) charge, its SI unit is J/C, which is more often called volt or simply V. Potential energy is defined as the work done when charge is moved from one location to another in the electrical field, normally refers to external circuits. For the internal circuit of fuel cells, such as the one shown in Figure 2.3, electromotive force is the terminology often used, which is also defined as the work done by transferring one Coulomb positive charge from a low to a high potential. Hence, electromotive force also has the SI unit of J/C, or V. We adopt the terminology of cell potential, instead of electromotive force, from now on; and we use the notation E to represent cell potential. Because normally electrons are the particles transferred that carry electrical charge, we express the work done by a fuel cell as follows w(J/molfuel)=E×(C/molfuel)
Study on snap-through actuation for the bistable composite laminated shell–MFC assembly
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2023
Ting Dong, Zhenkun Guo, Meng Li, Guoqing Jiang
In order to apply the actuation voltage to the MFC actuator for the snap-through, the kinetic energy, the potential energy and the work for the bistable composite laminated shell–MFC assembly are calculated. The displacement field is rewritten as The nonlinear strain–displacement relationship is rewritten as The potential energy of the bistable shell in the shell–MFC assembly is calculated as The potential energy of the MFC actuator in the shell–MFC assembly incorporates its own strain energy and the electric potential energy as follows The kinetic energy of the bistable shell in the shell–MFC assembly is calculated as The kinetic energy of the MFC actuator in the shell–MFC assembly is calculated as The work done by the electric field is calculated as The work done by the damping force is where c is the damping coefficient.
An electroelastic constitutive model for dielectric elastomers based on the Langevin statistic and its instability characteristics
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022
We start from the permanent dipole model of polymer chain segment introduced by [9] with the permanent segment dipole moment denoted by m. Here, the applied electric field in the current configuration E has no influence to the polarity of the segment in any orientation. According to [25], the electric potential energy of each segment can be defined from its angle of orientation γ with respect to the applied electric field as shown in Figure 1. In the figure, represents the unit vector of the chain end-to-end vector r in the current or deformed configuration. For its counterpart, we will define as the unit vector of the chain end-to-end vector R in the reference configuration.
Modeling and Simulation-Based Investigation of 2-D Symmetric Double Gate Dopingless-TFET and Its Circuit Performance for Low-Power Applications
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2022
Monika Sharma, Rakhi Narang, Manoj Saxena, Mridula Gupta
In this paper, the analytical model for electric potential of the DG-DL TFET is presented for the first time. The 2-Dimensional analytical results for electric potential, energy band diagram, and electric field and drain current characteristics are validated using the simulation tool ATLAS, and an excellent match is observed. The ION current obtained in Si-based dopingless TFET is 0.16 µA/µm, IOFF is 0.296 fA/µm and ION/IOFF obtained from the proposed device structure is 5.4 × 108, and the sub-threshold swing is 50.77 mV/decade. Furthermore, DG-DL TFET-based resistive load inverter characteristics are obtained which show the propagation delay of 6.36 ns at VDD = 1.5 V, and 13.85 ns at VDD = 1 V, and DG-DL TFET is further analyzed for realizing the NAND and OR logics by controlling both the gates independently. It provides compact and power efficient logics.