China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Electrical systems
Published in Tom Denton, Advanced Automotive Fault Diagnosis, 2020
A capacitor is a device for storing an electric charge. In its simple form, it consists of two plates separated by an insulating material. One plate can have excess electrons compared to the other. On vehicles, its main uses are for reducing arcing across contacts and for radio interference suppression circuits as well as in electronic control units (ECUs). Capacitors are described as two plates separated by a dielectric. The area of the plates, the distance between them and the nature of the dielectric determine the value of capacitance. Metal foil sheets insulated by a type of paper are often used to construct capacitors. The sheets are rolled up together inside a tin can. To achieve higher values of capacitance it is necessary to reduce the distance between the plates in order to keep the overall size of the device manageable. This is achieved by immersing one plate in an electrolyte to deposit a layer of oxide typically 10−4 mm thick, thus ensuring a higher capacitance value. The problem, however, is that this now makes the device polarity conscious and only able to withstand low voltages.
Lighting
Published in Sue Reed, Dino Pisaniello, Geza Benke, Kerrie Burton, Principles of Occupational Health & Hygiene, 2020
As the name indicates, an LED is a diode that emits light. A diode allows an electric current to flow in one direction only. Almost any conductive materials will form a diode when placed in contact with each other. When a current passes through the diode, (within a semiconductor chip, for example), the atoms in one of the materials are excited to a higher energy level. The atoms in the first material possess excess energy, which is released in shedding electrons to the second material within the chip. During this release of energy, light is generated. The colour of the LED light is a function of the materials and the processes used in making the chip. LEDs have been around for several decades, but were initially used only in electronic equipment such as watches or calculators. However, their efficiency in terms of lumens per watt, and their effectiveness as shown by their relative brightness, have resulted in their usage being extended to other applications, including commercial and household settings.
Electrical and electronic principles
Published in Tom Denton, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2020
A capacitor is a device for storing an electric charge. In its simple form, it consists of two plates separated by an insulating material. One plate can have excess electrons compared with the other. On vehicles, its main uses are for reducing arcing across contacts and for radio interference suppression circuits as well as in electronic control units. Capacitors are described as two plates separated by a dielectric. The area of the plates A, the distance between them d and the permittivity (ε) of the dielectric determine the value of capacitance. This is modelled by the equation: C=εA/d
A Hybrid PSO-GA Approach to Investigate Optimal Power Flow in a Hybrid Energy System based on Emission Level
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2022
A transformer, as an electrical tool, is responsible for converting the electrical energy from a voltage level to another one, lower or upper than the primary side. In a CHP unit, the input natural gas is converted to power or heat in the output terminals. It is an essential intermediary element in hybrid energy networks, as a bridge between two forms of electrical and thermal energy categories. In a furnace, the heat energy can be used directly for different applications such as heating and melting.
Optimal Probabilistic Scheduling of a Proposed EH Configuration Based on Metaheuristic Automatic Data Clustering
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Hadi Hosseinnejad, Sadjad Galvani, Payam Alemi
A transformer is a stationary electrical device to transmit electrical energy between two (or sometimes more) circuits by utilizing electromagnetic induction. Equation (7) is used for transformer by considering the same condition: • Furnace model
Experimental Testing and Analytical Solution by Means of Lambert W-Function of Inductor Air Gap Length
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2018
Martin Calasan, Aleksandar Nedic
An inductor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores electrical energy in a magnetic field when an electric current flows through it. It typically consists of an electric conductor (for example a wire) that is wound into a coil around a core (Figure 1).