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Design Methods and Approaches for IoT Hardware
Published in Mohammad Ayoub Khan, Internet of Things, 2022
For more complex networks, designers prefer to use Wi-Fi modules that are based on IEEE 802.11 standard. Moreover, other equipment such as Wi-Fi access points are already available in the market at a reasonable price. For example, Espressif Systems is one of the prominent companies in this area. ESP32 is a low-cost, low-power system on a chip microcontroller with integrated Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth. Thus, this module is capable of running a software algorithm, changing the status of output I/O pins, and also sending data wirelessly. This module has a different board version. One of them uses a patch (microstrip) antenna to decrease the size of the PCB. Many approaches are used to miniaturize planar-type antennas such as microstrip (Balanis 2016). Figure 2.23 shows ESP32 Wi-Fi module with its golden 2.4 GHz microstrip antenna and U. FL connector for external antenna. All in all, one can use this module for IoT devices without thinking about wireless communication, data loss, node collision, and many other complex RF requirements in designing RF wireless nodes from scratch.
LoRa for Long-Range and Low-Cost IoT Applications
Published in Bhawana Rudra, Anshul Verma, Shekhar Verma, Bhanu Shrestha, Futuristic Research Trends and Applications of Internet of Things, 2022
Mayur Rajaram Parate, Ankit A. Bhurane
The heart of ESP32 is Tensilica LX6 dual-core processor operating at a clock speed of 240 MHz. The chip has built-in 520 KB SRAM, full stack (802.11 b/g/N) HT40 Wi-Fi and Lightweight IP (LWIP) Bluetooth enabled with Bluetooth low power technology (BLE). Further, the chip is powerful enough to execute 600 million instructions per second.
Smart water management system for residential buildings in Saudi Arabia
Published in Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, 2022
ESP32 Lora module is a good example of a low-cost, small size board that contains a microcontroller having embedded Wifi and SX1276 LoRa chip that can be used in real-time water management systems (Li et al. 2017). ESP32 is a dual-core microcontroller with two Harvard Architecture Xtensa LX6 CPUs; APP_CPU for application and PRO_CPU for protocol with a clock as high as 160 MHz for both CPU cores. All external memory, embedded memory and peripherals are located on the instruction bus and/or the data bus of these CPUs. It supports v4.2 BLE, which is capable of operating at a speed up to 4 Mbps. It contains ultra-low noise analog pre-amplifier, four timers, general purpose I/Os and two 12-bit ADCs, each of which is equipped with nine analog channels and two 8-bit DACs converter.