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Soft and Flexible Materials and Their Applications
Published in Song Sun, Wei Tan, Su-Huai Wei, Emergent Micro- and Nanomaterials for Optical, Infrared, and Terahertz Applications, 2023
Yongbiao Wan, Zhiguang Qiu, Chuan Fei Guo
Conductive polymers are special kinds of organic materials whose electrical and optical properties are similar to those of inorganic metals and semiconductors. They can be synthesized by simple, versatile, and cost-effective approaches, either chemically or electrochemically. Conductive polymers are recognized as excellent active materials owing to their extraordinary characteristics including satisfactory mechanical flexibility, lightweight, great compatibility with flexible solid supports, and charge transfer capability of conductive domains. The presence of π-electrons in the conjugated backbone is able to delocalize into a conduction band and then move freely within the unsaturated backbone to construct an electrical pathway for mobile charge carriers, resulting in a good conductivity of the polymer. Examples of conductive polymers that are commonly applied to flexible electronics include poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANi), and conductive polymeric composite (CPC).
Polymeric Materials for Printed Electronics Application
Published in Anandhan Srinivasan, Selvakumar Murugesan, Arunjunai Raj Mahendran, Progress in Polymer Research for Biomedical, Energy and Specialty Applications, 2023
Conductive polymers have found usage in various applications, including OPVs, OLEDs, batteries, etc. Two key routes majorly synthesize synthetic material or organic polymers used to meet these application areas' expectations. The materials are either chemically polymerized or electrochemically polymerized. Chemical oxidation polymerization is suitable for mass production, whereas electrochemical polymerization is a direct method to produce thin films that can be used in electronic devices. Polymerization of conducting polymers can be achieved with various routes and is discussed in detail below.
Stimuli-Responsive Polymers with Tunable Release Kinetics
Published in Onur Parlak, Switchable Bioelectronics, 2020
Mehmet Can Zeybek, Egemen Acar, Gozde Ozaydin-Ince
Conductive polymers have broad application areas because they are light in terms weight, have good electrical conductivity, can undergo a large amount of strain, have high strength, and work around room and human body temperature. For actuating them, low voltages, of 1–2 V, are sufficient and effective.79 Biocompatibility and a stable nature make them very good candidates for numerous practical applications, and they can be produced in micro-and nanosizes easily with current technology.79 When the conductive polymers are triggered by electrochemical reduction or oxidation, changes in the volume,77 conductivity, or color26,75 of the polymer may be observed. Doping of the conducting polymers can be achieved chemically or electrochemically by oxidation or reduction of the conjugated polymers. If the main chain of the conjugated polymer becomes oxidized and gives an electron, this is called “p-type electrochemical doping.” On the other hand, in the n-type electrochemical doping, the main chain of the conjugated polymer is reduced and receives an electron. The doping amounts of the conjugated polymers directly affect the conductivity of the polymers.
Carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyaniline composites for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes
Published in Advanced Composite Materials, 2022
Yanmin Wang, Yuansong Xiao, Xueliang Wu, Tingxi Li, Yong Ma
The supercapacitors as promising energy storage devices have become the research hotspots owing to their high power density, low maintenance cost and long durability in recent years [1–7]. Among various studied electrode materials in progress, the conducting polymer materials have attracted great attention because of their remarkable superiorities [8,9] such as convenient preparation, low cost and high practicability. However, the low conductivity of some conductive polymers or poor cycling stability impedes their application. As the most widely known EDLC electrode materials, carbon materials, such as activated carbons, graphene and carbon nanotubes, possess various advantages including large specific surface area, high electrical conductivity, and long cycling life. The composite combining conductive polymers and carbon materials has aroused research interest due to the synergistic effect of both components. For instance, graphene based poly(N-methylthionine) (PNMTh) composite demonstrated high specific capacitances, retention life [10], an excellent electrochemical activity [11] and enhanced the electron transfer [12].
Flexible wearable sensors - an update in view of touch-sensing
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2021
Chi Cuong Vu, Sang Jin Kim, Jooyong Kim
Materials of flexible sensors should be lightweight, comfortable, biocompatible, and not cause irritation. Nanocomposite materials are most commonly, consisting of metallic thin films [29–31], metal nanowires (NWs) [32,33], carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [34–36], conductive polymers [37–39], and metal nanoparticles (NPs) [40–42]. Recently, the NWs, CNTs, and conductive polymers are preferentially used because of their abilities in the large active area, high electrical conductivity, and good electrochemical activity. Among that, NWs/CNTs composites can directly coat or print on substrates layers [40,43] to create highly sensitive, stretchable, and durable sensors. Besides, the conductive polymers can be synthesized by chemical or electrochemical deposition. The poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and especially its complex with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) [39], show highly conductive, largely transmissive to light, processible in water, and highly flexible.
Rising advancements in the application of PEDOT:PSS as a prosperous transparent and flexible electrode material for solution-processed organic electronics
Published in Journal of Information Display, 2020
Gunel Huseynova, Yong Hyun Kim, Jae-Hyun Lee, Jonghee Lee
Conductive polymers have been significantly attractive for a wide range of electronic applications owing to their key advantages, such as their easy handling, solution- and low-cost processability, chemical diversity and tuneability, and biocompatibility, as well as their unique combination of mechanical and optoelectronic properties [1,2]. Unlike the typical polymers mostly used for insulating and packaging purposes in the plastics industry, the conductive polymers allow electricity to pass through owing to the alternating single σ and double π bonds among the carbon atoms in their structure. These synthetic materials are organic macromolecules with conjugated backbones that contribute delocalized π electrons via sp2 hybridization, leading to the actual electrical conductivity through the molecular backbone [3,4]. Their superior features compared to their inorganic counterparts have made them increasingly interesting for both academic and industrial research and engineering to fully realize the newly emerged field of ultra-thin and plastic electronics. Since the discovery of the first-ever conductive polymer, a wide variety of different synthetic conductive polymers have been developed and extensively explored [5]. Depending on the extent to which they conduct electricity, these low-density organic molecules may be utilized both as semiconductors for wide-ranging electronic device applications and as conductors to replace the metal components of the devices. Besides their easy processability and flexibility, polymers also have a number of other important advantages over the vast majority of electronic materials, including metals, such as their light weight and non-corrosive nature [4,6–10].