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Equipment and techniques used for obtaining ground water samples
Published in Neal Wilson, Soil Water and Ground Water Sampling, 2020
A colloidal borescope consisting of a charge-coupled-device camera, optical magnification lens, and an illumination source has been used to assess the stability of colloids after insertion of equipment into the well.26 During installation of the borescope in a variety of hydrogeologic settings, a massive disturbance of the flow field has been observed. After a period of time, ranging from a few to approximately 30 min, laminar flow in the same direction as local ground water flow replaces turbulent flow. Maximum colloidal density is observed upon insertion of the borescope in the well, and colloids appear to be stabilized within 24 hours of insertion of the borescope. The significant disturbances of colloidal density following pump emplacement seem to indicate that dedicated equipment will greatly reduce colloidal disturbances and increase sample representativeness.
Process Imaging
Published in David M. Scott, Industrial Process Sensors, 2018
The problem of sampling can be solved with an in-line camera probe that can image and characterize the product crystals in the slurry exiting a full-scale industrial crystallizer (Scott et al., 1998). Many suitable industrial cameras are commercially available now, but a decade or two ago it was necessary to build one’s own system, and even today certain applications still require a customized design.1 A simple camera built for installation in an industrial crystallizer is shown in Figure 9.5. This camera is based on an industrial borescope (Schott model 10RS455D) used for inspecting the interiors of closed vessels. The camera probe is a 2.5-cm diameter stainless steel tube that protrudes into the process stream through a ball valve. A sapphire window at the end of the probe provides optical access to particulate material inside the process. Flashes from a modified strobe light (EG&G Electro-Optics model MVS-2601) that is mounted in a nearby control box “freeze” the motion of the moving particles. Thus, particles that are flowing at velocities up to a few meters per second can be viewed without significant blurring of the image. Light is carried from the strobe to the probe window via a fiber optics bundle, and the image is relayed to a CCD camera by the borescope optics. The video signal is transmitted to a frame digitizer via a fiber optic link (Fiber Options models 215D and 110V), so the computer and operator interface can be mounted in any convenient location, such as the plant’s control room.
RCAM Case Wind Power Systems
Published in Lina Bertling Tjernberg, Infrastructure Asset Management with Power System Applications, 2018
A visual inspection technique increasingly applied to wind turbines to assess the condition of gearbox bearings as well as gearwheels is borescope inspection (also known as endoscopy). Combined with digital imaging technology, this enables even remote condition assessment by gearbox experts. Borescope inspection is not only applied in case impending failure is detected by vibration or temperature measurements but also without any indication of irregularities. The V90-2MW as well as the majority of other contemporary wind turbines provide an opening in the gearbox casing, which allows easy access for borescope inspection. Due to the compact design of gearboxes, not all components can be inspected with this technique, for example, the HSS bearings of V90-2MW are not accessible for borescope inspection.
Integrated structural safety analysis of San Francisco Master Gate in the Fortress of Almeida
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2018
Andrés Arce, Luís F. Ramos, Francisco M. Fernandes, Luis Javier Sánchez-Aparicio, Paulo B. Lourenço
Figure 7 shows the geometry arrangement of a cross section of the Gate of San Francisco. The main entrance consists of a curved barrel vault with perfect curved shape that has a diameter of 5.9 m at the entrance and it diminishes to 4.9 m on the opposite side. The transition of this geometry is smooth and the height is kept constant. To the left side of the tunnel there is another compartment constructed as the house of the guard. In this section another barrel vault acts as a roof and has the opposite geometrical evolution than the vault mentioned before. In this case the barrel starts with a diameter 4.5 m and opens to 5.9 m in the side of the interior of the fortress, and the height is also kept the same. The walls that sustain the barrel vaulted roof loads are respectively around 2.7 m high for the left vault and 3.7 m high for the right one, with a thickness varying from 1.60 to 1.70 m. According to the borescope camera survey and GPR tests, the vault thickness for the tunnel and the Guard’s house was considered equal to 40 and 30 cm, respectively. The roof stone pavement was not modeled because it isn’t part of the bearing system, being the weight substituted by a distributed load on the top of the filling material.
Restart of the Transient Reactor Test (TREAT) Facility Neutron Radiography Program
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2019
Shawn R. Jensen, Aaron E. Craft, Glen C. Papaioannou, Wyatt W. Empie, Blaine R. Ward, Lee A. Batt
Additional activities included the identification and procurement of critical spare parts along with the establishment of a preventative maintenance program. The final activity was a complete functional test of the system. All control panels and components were operated and tested to ensure correct functionality. Problems were recorded and repaired. The shutter and remote aperture are located within the reactor structure and could not be visually observed. A borescope camera was used to inspect and observe operation of the motor and the functioning components. Only a couple of small issues were identified and repaired. In spite of sitting idle for over 20 years and the overall age of the components, the radiography facility functioned remarkably well.
Experimental study of the temperature distribution and water evaporation in an axial dual-zone vortex chamber spray dryer
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Juray De Wilde, Subhajit Dutta, Jnyana Ranjan Pati, Axel de Broqueville
Platinum resistance temperature detectors (RTD) (Thermo Sensor) are installed in the hot zone air inlet, the cold zone air inlet, the chimney (main air exit) and the cold zone solids exit. Furthermore, during the tests, detailed temperature measurements are carried out, inserting a thermocouple into the dryer at varying azimuthal, axial and radial positions, as indicated in Figure 2b. It is expected that the spray will be deflected to the region downstream of the spray nozzle in the air rotational direction. To be complete, water spray evaporation needs to take place before droplets collide with the wall of the vortex chamber. The thermocouples were preferentially located in the region were evaporation needs to take place (Figure 2b-right). The thermocouple is inserted through different openings in the front end plate of the chamber. These openings are located 45°, 90°, 135° and 180° with respect to the spray nozzle in the flow rotational direction and radially in the center or 5 cm, 7 cm or 11 cm outward. The latter openings are, hence, located at 1 cm from the cylindrical wall of the vortex chambers. In each opening, the thermocouple is inserted at 9 axial positions, 1.25 cm apart. A humidity probe (Hygroclip Rotronic AG) is installed in the chimney. To study the spray deflection, a borescope inspection camera with integrated LED light (Ridge Tool Co., micro CA-300) was used, installed inside a small glass tube that is built into the vortex chamber in the center of the end wall opposite the chimney (hot zone side). This allows rapid inspection without perturbing the flow pattern and without the borescope being exposed for a too long time to high air temperatures and air humidity.