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Digital 3D Presentation
Published in Glenn Kennel, Charles S. Swartz, Color and Mastering for Digital Cinema, 2012
Glenn Kennel, Charles S. Swartz
Stereoscopic pictures, commonly called 3D, have been around for a long time. Binocular vision gives us the capability to perceive depth, with the brain decoding the depth information from the disparity between the images captured by the left and right eye. The first 3D movies were produced over 100 years ago, but they never caught on due to complexities in capturing and displaying stereoscopic pictures. The second wave of stereoscopic movie presentation occurred in the 1950’s as moviemakers and exhibitors were seeking a new sensational experience to revitalize sagging attendance at the box office. Movies that exploited the 3D experience, such as “Bwana Devil” in 1952, “House of Wax”, and “Kiss Me Kate” played to avid fans. In 1953, 27 movies were released in 3D format, followed in 1954 by 16 movies, but this tailed off to one in 1955. Once again, the format was doomed by the complexity of dual camera rigs and the cost of double prints and dual projectors, each equipped with polarized filters. When a sophisticated movie was finally made in stereo it was too late, and Hitchcock’s “Dial M for Murder” was released in flat format.
Three-dimensional display systems
Published in John P. Dakin, Robert G. W. Brown, Handbook of Optoelectronics, 2017
Binocular vision provides humans with the advantage of depth perception derived from the small differences in the location of homologous, or corresponding, points in the two images incident on the retina of the eyes. This is known as stereopsis (literally solid seeing) and can provide precise information on the depth relationships of objects in a scene.
General Design Guidance
Published in James R. Williams, Developing Performance Support for Computer Systems, 2004
The human eye is a very capable organ, but it does have characteristics and limitations that affect design. For example: As an object departs from being viewed in center of the eye (fovea), visual acuity deteriorates rapidly (by 5 degrees, it has dropped 50%). This means that information not directly in the center of the gaze will not be discerned.Normal eye movements (saccadic movements) affect the way people read material. Reading saccades, correction saccades and line saccades have been recorded by means of eye movement cameras. These saccades affect how people discern words and chunk information.The size (on the retina) of the object being viewed affects its perceptibility and recognition. This is one of the reasons it is generally recommended that a minimum of 8 point type be used on video displays. It should be noted that the further you get from the display the larger the type must be to be legible (due to its diminished size on the retina).The contrast (difference in brightness) between the object being viewed and its background must be sufficient to permit distinguishing between the two. Contrast requirements are very important in the selection of foreground and background color combinations discussed later in the section color.Different areas of the retina are differentially sensitive to different colors (see Figure 6.1). This means that colored objects and areas in a display viewed in the peripheral areas of the retina may not be correctly recognized.Movement is better recognized in the peripheral areas of the eye than in the center. As a result, movement is the most appropriate means for drawing attention to peripheral areas of a display.Binocular vision (using both eyes) is important to recognizing depth, but also increases image detection and recognition capability.
Adaptive Support-Weight Stereo-Matching Approach with Two Disparity Refinement Steps
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2019
Jiayi Liu, Zude Zhou, Wenjun Xu, Jiwei Hu
Machine vision is proposed to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) information by two-dimensional (2D) images captured by cameras. To the machine, it has the same functionality like the eyes to human beings. It has wide applications in military, aerospace, security field, and so on. Binocular vision is an important research branch in machine vision. To obtain 3D information through binocular vision system, many techniques are used such as camera calibration, epipolar lines rectification, stereo-matching, image denoising, and so on. Of all of these techniques, stereo-matching is the most crucial and difficult step. Most stereo-matching algorithms are divided into two parts: global methods and local methods. In general, global methods can obtain more accurate disparity images, while it has higher computational complexity than local methods such as brief propagation [1], graph cut [2]. On the contrary, the local method has high execution efficiency and simple structure but poor accuracy than the global methods.
Basketball free-throws performance depends on the integrity of binocular vision
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
Jesús Vera, Ruben Molina, David Cárdenas, Beatríz Redondo, Raimundo Jiménez
Nevertheless, beyond the relevance of visual acuity, a precise cortical integration of the stimuli perceived from both eyes, namely binocular vision, is required for the existence of superior visual skills (i.e. stereopsis). For acceptable levels of sports performance, an appropriate functioning of these superior visual abilities is required, especially in those sport disciplines in which the ability to judge spatial localisation accurately and discriminate distance information is needed (Erickson, 2007; Mazyn, Lenoir, Montagne, & Savelsbergh, 2004). A broad range of ocular conditions such as anisometropia, aniseikonia, cataract or glaucoma are known to provoke binocular rivalry, and thus, affect binocular vision (Blake & Wilson, 2011; Holopigian, Blake, & Greenwald, 1986; Jiménez, Ponce, & González-Anera, 2004; Jiménez, Ponce, Jiménez Del Barco, Díaz, & & Pérez-Ocon, 2002; Park, Kim, & Lee, 2018; Rutstein, Fullard, Wilson, & Gordon, 2015). Significant deficits in motor performance have been observed in abnormal binocular vision conditions (O’Connor, Birch, Anderson, & Draper, 2010), monocular viewing conditions (Gonzalez & Niechwiej-Szwedo, 2016) or degraded binocular vision (Piano & O’Connor, 2013) in different contexts. It has been argued that individuals with congenital or early deteriorated binocular function develop compensatory strategies (i.e. use of monocular cues) over time in order to circumvent this impairment (Howard & Rogers, 2002). However, to date, there are no studies that have investigated the effects on sports performance of interocular differences in the images perceived when the binocular vision is acutely altered, specifically on basketball free-throws performance. There is scientific evidence that an unequal balance between eyes is commonly presented, with this interocular imbalance having a negative impact on different visuo-motor skills (Gonzalez & Niechwiej-Szwedo, 2016; O’Connor et al., 2010; Piano & O’Connor, 2013). Therefore, we consider of interest to assess the potential detrimental effects of interocular imbalance in sports performance.