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Ad-Hoc Routing Techniques for Wireless LANs
Published in Jerry D. Gibson, The Communications Handbook, 2018
Query/reply messaging is needed if the destination is not found in the routing table. The query/reply process is handled only by certain selected nodes (called border nodes of the zone). On the other hand, all interior nodes repeat (physical broadcast) the query/reply packet but do not process it. The border nodes are not gateways nor cluster heads such as the case in HSR. They are plain nodes located at the borders of the routing zone of the applicable node. The routing zone of a certain node of radius r > 1 is defined as the collection of these nodes which can be reached via 1, 2, or 4, .., r hops from the applicable node. Nodes within one hop from the center node (e.g., node S in Fig. 92.17) are those that can directly hear the radio transmission of node S. These are nodes A, B, C, D, and E (one-hop nodes). The higher the power of a typical node S, the larger the number of one hop nodes. This may lead to increasing the control traffic necessary for these nodes to exchange their routing tables. Also, this increases the level of contention of the IEEE 802.11 CSMA based access [Gier, 1999]. The routing zone in Fig. 92.17 corresponds to a routing zone of two hops (r = 2). Each node in this routing zone exchanges routing packets only with members in its routing zone (nodes A-K in Fig. 92.17). This takes place according to the Intrazone protocol (IARP) which forms the proactive part of the ZRP routing protocol.
WSNs Routing Protocols
Published in Amine Dahane, Nasr-Eddine Berrached, Mobile, Wireless and Sensor Networks, 2019
Amine Dahane, Nasr-Eddine Berrached
Zone routing protocol (ZRP) can be classed as a hybrid reactive/proactive routing protocol. ZRP aims to address the problems by combining the best properties of both the approaches. The ZRP, as its name implies, is based on the concept of zones. A routing zone is defined for each node separately, and the zones of neighboring nodes overlap. The routing zone has a radius ρ expressed in hops. The zone thus includes the nodes, whose distance from the node in question is at most ρ hops.
Mobile Ad Hoc Routing Protocols
Published in Jonathan Loo, Jaime Lloret Mauri, Jesús Hamilton Ortiz, Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, 2016
Jonathan Loo, Shafiullah Khan, Ali Naser Al-Khwildi
The main concept for the ZRP is to integrate the features of both proactive and reactive routing protocols. With proactive (table-driven) protocols inside a limit zone, the connection establishment time can be reduced. On the contrary, reactive routing reduces the amount of control traffic by locating paths on demand for destinations outside the routing zone.
Generating Trips and Assigning Route to a SUMO Network Through the Origin–Destination Matrix: A Case Study of Mobility Routing Model for VANETs
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2022
Tarandeep Kaur Bhatia, Ramkumar Ketti Ramachandran, Robin Doss, Lei Pan
In VANETs, various routing protocols are employed for sending the data from an origin node to a targeted node. Usually, the classification for VANETs routing protocols is done among the three primary classes: Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid [7,8]. Generally, proactive protocols involve Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Optimized Link-State Routing (OLSR) Protocol, where every node must recognize its next hop to arrive at its destination. Similarly, the reactive protocols involve the other three routing protocols named Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR), where a route is being built on-demand by a node to start the communication. Also, the hybrid protocols involve the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP). It is a combination of proactive and reactive routing protocols, and its main goal is to speed up the transmission to send the data packets to its target.