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High-Performance Switch-Routers
Published in James Aweya, Designing Switch/Routers, 2023
The data forwarding functions and forwarding tables collectively form the data (or forwarding) plane. The operations of the data plane (i.e., the packet forwarding operations) are time-critical in nature and can be implemented on multiple distributed forwarding engine modules or online cards to improve the packet forwarding performance of the device. The routing protocols, forming part of the control plane and running in the route processor, exchange network topology information (i.e., routing information) with other routing devices to build the routing table, from which the forwarding table is generated. The forwarding table is then used to determine the next-hop nodes and outgoing interfaces of packets transiting the routing device.
Transport Networks and Protocols
Published in Mário Marques da Silva, Cable and Wireless Networks, 2018
The IP packet is received by the ingress LER as a regular IP packet. This router translates the IP packet into the MPLS format by simply adding a shim header. The shim header consists of a 32-bit header, composed of four fields. The most important field is the label (20 bits), being employed to identify the virtual circuit and the class of service of the IP packet. It is important noting that, similar to the VPI/VCI identifiers employed in ATM networks, the label has a local meaning. This means that each LSR performs the removal of the label corresponding to the previous point-to-point MPLS connection, adding a new label corresponding to the following point-to-point connection. This function is referred to as label swap (performed in LSRs), whereas the addition or removal of a label performed by LERs is referred to as push (in ingress LER) or pull (in egress LER), respectively. The calculation of the output interface to be used by an MPLS router in order to forward a packet is performed taking into account the incoming label (i.e., the virtual circuit), as well as the information contained in a routing table. Routing tables are built in the same manner as the IP routing table, using static or dynamic protocols. In the MPLS world, the routing tables, that is, the lookup tables, are referred to as label forwarding information base (LFIB) or as forwarding information base. While an LSR makes use of the LFIB table to route packets (MPLS to MPLS), an ingress LER makes use of the forwarding information base table (IP to MPLS) and an egress LER makes use of the LFIB table as well (MPLS to IP).
Routing in Wireless Self-Organizing Networks
Published in Mohamed Ibnkahla, Adaptation and Cross Layer Design in Wireless Networks, 2018
Marcelo Dias de Amorim, Farid Benbadis, Mihail S. Sichitiu, Aline Carneiro Viana, Yannis Viniotis
In packet networks, routing is basically the way nodes fill their routing tables. A routing table is a data structure that stores descriptions of next-hops and possibly some cost toward a destination. From the routing table, a node builds a forwarding table that includes the transmit interface. We call the set of algorithms and procedures that build routing tables a routing protocol. As we will see in the rest of this chapter, routing may assume different forms depending on the characteristics of the underlying network. What should be clear from the start is that there is no routing approach that fits well all situations.
A Survey on Packet Switching Networks
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Routing protocols have two different types: static and dynamic. In the static routing protocol, the routing table is not prepared automatically; instead, the network administrator prepares it, and whenever any change is required in the routing table, the network administrator updates it. The static routing protocol is divided into four types; standard static, default static, summary static, and floating static. The dynamic routing protocol automatically configures the routing table. The network administrator does not need to update or maintain the routing table. The dynamic routing protocol has further two categories of technologies/protocols; Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) and Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP). The IGP has further two types that are distance vector routing protocol and link-state routing protocol. These two categories of routing protocols have further different types, see figure 6. In comparison, the EGP has only one further type that is a path-vector routing protocol. Furthermore, the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a path-vector routing protocol, see figure 6.
Ensemble-based cryptography for soldiers’ health monitoring using mobile ad hoc networks
Published in Automatika, 2023
B. V. V. Siva Prasad, Sridhar Mandapati, Lakshmana Kumar Ramasamy, Rajasekhar Boddu, Pranayanath Reddy, B. Suresh Kumar
Routers denote inner routing tables to create choices regarding how to path data next to network routes. The routing table stores the routes that data must attain to each destination that the router is accountable. Routing tables are similar to that, however, for network routes instead of trains. Think about train schedules, which train travellers ask to determine which train to catch.