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Wireless Sensor Networks
Published in Dariusz Pleban, Occupational Noise and Workplace Acoustics, 2020
In the final analysis of this situation, ZigBee was chosen as the standard most suitable for this application. From appropriate model options (compatible with ZigBee standard) offered on the market, XBee series 2 (Digi International) radio circuits (modules) operating in the ISM 2.4 GHz frequency band were chosen to realize the presented system. Depending on the software employed, each of the modules can function as a coordinator, a router, or a ZigBee end device. A wide variety of XBee modules is offered differing in programming capabilities, output power, and antenna solutions. The following solutions were applied in the structures developed for the purpose of the network: XBee module with a wire antenna to construct measuring devices in earmuffs,XBee Pro module with RP-SMA antenna connector to construct routers, andXBee Pro module with UF-L antenna connector to construct the network coordinator functioning also as the sink node connected to the system main unit.
Implantable Electronics
Published in Aboul Ella Hassanien, Nilanjan Dey, Surekha Borra, Medical Big Data and Internet of Medical Things, 2018
Vinay Chowdary, Vivek Kaundal, Paawan Sharma, Amit Kumar Mondal
Xbee-S2 series is a new transceiver device and is best known for its minimal cost, high performance and minimal power consumption. The Xbee-S2 series module transmission range is 2.4 km. The transceiver module transmitting power is 2 mW at 3 dBm, with a receiver peak current of 40 mA at 3.3 V and a receiver sensitivity of −96 dBm. Additionally, the Xbee-S2 Pro module is the advanced version of Xbee-S2 with a transmitting power of 50 mW at 17 dBm and 10 mW at 10 dBm. The receiver sensitivity for the module is −102 dBm. The receiving peak current is 45 mA.
Cyber Physical Systems for Disaster Response NetworksConceptual Proposal using Never Ceasing Network
Published in G.R. Karpagam, B. Vinoth Kumar, J. Uma Maheswari, Xiao-Zhi Gao, Smart Cyber Physical Systems, 2020
I. Devi, G.R. Karpagam, J. Uma Maheswari
Four components, namely Arduino Mega, XBee Shield, XBee Series 1 module and DHT22 sensor, are used to develop the Wireless Sensor Networks. To measure temperature and humidity, the DHT 22 sensor is used. It uses a capacitive humidity sensor and thermistor to determine the surrounding conditions and outputs a digital signal. DHT 22 is a less-expensive sensor operating at 3–5V DC voltage with 2.5mA maximum current usage. Temperature measurement range is −40 to 80°C (±0.5°C). Humidity measurement range is 0–100% with 2–5% accuracy. The DHT22 sensor has four pins. The first pin on the leftmost is connected to 3–5V, the second pin to the data input pin and the rightmost pin to the earth of Arduino Mega. Arduino Mega is a microcontroller, based on ATmega1280, with 54 input/output pins. Of these, 14 pins are used as PWM pins, with 16 analogue pins, and four UART pins. It consists of a 128KB flash memory. Of the 128KB memory, 4KB is used by the boot loader, with an SRAM of 8KB and an EEPROM of 4KB. Arduino Mega is powered either by USB connection or with an external power supply. XBee Series 1 is a famous 2.4GHz XBee module from Digi, with a 250kbps data rate. It uses 802.15.4 to communicate with other nodes. XBee Shield provides a wireless communication between the Arduino board and the XBee Series 1 RF module. It allows the modules to communicate to up to 100 feet indoors or 300 feet outdoors. Arduino Ethernet Shield 2 is an open-source tool which offers communication between Arduino and the Internet. Three components, namely Raspberry Pi 2, XBee Series 2, and Wi-Fi Dongle are used to develop the IoT gateway. Raspberry Pi 2 consists of a quad-core Cortex A7 CPU, running at 900MHz with 1GB RAM. Raspberry Pi 2 includes Broadcom Dual-Core Video Core IV Media Co-Processor at 250MHz, with 40 pins extended to GPIO. XBee modules are reliable and offer simple communication between microcontrollers and computers. The development of NCN with cognitive radio nodes is shown with NetSim (Network Simulation). NetSim is an emulation tool which permits interfacing with devices, such as Raspberry Pi and Arduino. On the whole, a reliable, vendor-non-specific and cost-efficient heterogeneous WSN is obtained. The WSN consumes backhaul connectivity to transmit data from the sensor to the IoT gateway. Cloudsim is an open-source simulation tool for simulating cloud applications and associated algorithms. Figure 7.3 (a) and (b) show the sensor node components and the IoT gateway components.
Health assessment based on dynamic characteristics of reinforced concrete beam using realtime wireless structural health monitoring sensor
Published in Journal of Structural Integrity and Maintenance, 2020
Aamar Danish, Faran Tayyab, Muhammad Usama Salim
X-CTU (a configuring software) was used to define parameters of XBee to ease in communicating with the wireless network. These parameters include channel’s ID, area network ID, channel scan, options for AT command, the interface for radio frequency and serial interface. Programming of Waspmote was also performed with Waspmote integrated development environment software to satisfy the conditions of globally used structural monitoring systems. Wireless nodes were programmed with extreme care for successful configuration of interdepended communication and recording parameters (like rate of sampling, recording mode triggering and triggering threshold, etc.). Three triggering mode functions were selected named vertical (z), North-South NS (x) and East-West EW (y). The inbuilt accelerometer was programmed to start sending and recording data from XBee to the gateway, if any triggering mode functions exceeds threshold acceleration defined.
Development of wireless smart sensor network for vibration-based structural health monitoring of civil structures
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2022
Niusha Navabian, Sherif Beskhyroun, Justin Matulich
ATmega328/P, picoPower Atmel AVR 8-bit microcontroller, was selected for the board design due to its low power consumption in active and sleep modes and user-selectable clock frequency ranging from 4 MHz to 20 MHz, which could make a great trade-off between the power consumption, performance and cost for SHM applications. For wireless communication, XBEE S2C 802.15.4 RadioFrequency (RF) module (2018(a)) was used that can support ZigBee and DigiMesh mesh networking protocols. The XBee module and the configurations of the two networking protocols are shown in Figure 2.
Sensor integration for real-time data acquisition in aerial surveillance
Published in Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2022
Wahyu Rahmaniar, Ardhi Wicaksono Santoso
XBee pro s2b module (ZigBee RF modules user guide 2018), as shown in Figure 5(c), provides a UART interface to transmit (TX) and receive (RX) data which are connected to the UART pins on the main board. The XBee module operates using Zigbee protocol with a low-power wireless sensor network, which require minimal power and provides reliable data transmission between remote devices. Figure 8 shows an algorithm for communication between on-board and ground stations using the XBee module. Figure 7