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Global Satellite Observations for Smart Cities
Published in Amir H. Alavi, William G. Buttlar, Data Analytics for Smart Cities, 2018
Zhong Liu, Menglin S. Jin, Jacqueline Liu, Angela Li, William Teng, Bruce Vollmer, David Meyer
NASA satellite-based data products at the GES DISC are also accessible (NASA 2017i) via other Web services and protocols including https (the data archive), OPeNDAP, WMS, GDS, etc. These protocols support for data downloading activities such as daily operations on the user’s side. The https method provides direct access to product archives. OPeNDAP, WMS, GDS, etc. provide remote access to individual variables within datasets in a form usable by many tools and software packages such as IDV, McIDAS-V, Panoply, Ferret, GrADS, etc. OPeNDAP is a framework that simplifies all aspects of scientific data networking and makes local data accessible to remote locations regardless of local storage format (OPeNDAP 2017). OPeNDAP software is freely available to anyone. WMS is a standard Web protocol for serving georeferenced map images over the Internet generated by a map server using data from a GIS database and the specifications developed and published by the Open Geospatial Consortium in 1999 (WMS 2017). The GDS, is a stable, secure data server that provides subsetting and analysis services across the Internet (GDS 2017). The core of the GDS is OPeNDAP, a software framework used for data networking that makes local data accessible to remote locations.
Electronic coastal and marine atlases
Published in David R. Green, Jeffrey L. Payne, Marine and Coastal Resource Management, 2017
Progress toward web-based GIS has been greatly aided by the development of Internet Map- and Image- server software and the concept of a Web Map Service (WMS) (The Open Geospatial Consortium’s standard for serving maps from a GIS database via the Internet). The best known example of early commercial software is ESRI’s ArcIMS (Internet Map Server) that has been widely used as the basis for many early online GIS and mapping systems. With time nearly all commercial GIS software packages began to provide their own web map server packages as part of their GIS software or as an add-on. Besides commercial software products such as ArcIMS, a number of open-source software examples such as GeoServer (http://geoserver.org) and MapServer (http://mapserver.org) became available. Web Map Services (WMS) are also now supported by Google Earth (http://earth.google.co.uk/), NASA’s World Wind (http://worldwind.arc.nasa.gov/), and Microsoft’s Virtual Earth (http://www.microsoft.com/maps/). These, in particular, revolutionised the ease with which virtually anyone had free access to spatial data for the World, together with semi-GIS functionality, including data overlays and 3D terrain visualisations. Google Earth was later joined by Google Ocean.
The Open Geospatial Consortium and Location Service Standards
Published in Hassan A. Karimi, Advanced Location-Based Technologies and Services, 2016
Web Map Service (WMS) provides a simple HTTP interface for requesting geo-registered map images from one or more distributed geospatial databases. A WMS request defines the geographic layer(s) and area of interest to be processed. The response to the request is one or more georegistered map images (returned as JPEG, PNG, etc.) that can be displayed in a browser application. The interface also supports the ability to specify whether the returned images should be transparent so that layers from multiple servers can be combined or not. The WMS Interface standard is widely implemented and available as an app for both the Android and iPhone operating systems. WMS is also an ISO Standard.
Next generation of GIS: must be easy
Published in Annals of GIS, 2021
A-Xing Zhu, Fang-He Zhao, Peng Liang, Cheng-Zhi Qin
The capability of integrating various resources also makes sharing of geo-computing resources easier for developers in modelling environment. Nowadays, a developer can share the geospatial analysis methods and geospatial data with the form of standard web services, such as the Web Processing Service (WPS), the Web Map Service (WMS) and Web Feature Service (WFS) (Vretanos 2005; Schut 2007; Castronova, Goodall, and Elag 2013). Developers only need to provide the property and description of the web services. The modelling environments are designed with extensibility that easily allows the integration of these services (Liu, Padmanabhan, and Wang 2015; Jiang et al. 2016). One standard web service can be integrated into different modelling environments, which provide developers with an efficient way to share respective research innovations.
Detecting patterns of climate change in long-term forecasts of marine environmental parameters
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2020
Gianpaolo Coro, Pasquale Pagano, Anton Ellenbroek
The transformation and publication of ∼1 GB of AquaMaps data and of ∼200 GB of NASA data into NetCDF files allowed publishing these data under a number of formats. Among these, the Web Map Service (WMS) allows visualising the files as interactive maps and overlaying them with other data, e.g. background Earth representations, species distribution maps, etc. D4Science provides an online visualisation tool for the data, accessible after free registration (services.d4science.org/group/biodiversitylab/geo-visualisation). Visualisation is important to do a first qualitative assessment of the similarities between the parameters distributions in time (animations, images, and charts are available for all variables in supplementary material). In particular, increasing trend of temperature is visible for all temperature data (Figure 2(a–d)). Rapid increase of averaged air temperature is evident (Figure 2(c)), with air temperature in RCP 8.5 increasing most (Figure 2(d)). In this global view, effects like temperature increase at the poles due to ice concentration reduction are hidden by the larger increase in other areas. These aspects will be inspected and highlighted with the more detailed analysis reported in the next section. However, these variations are already visible in the global charts of the difference between air and surface temperatures (SAT-SST). Differences can be observed between SAT-SST in RCP 4.5 and SAT-SST in RCP 8.5 already by visually comparing the figures (Figure 2(e,f)). In particular, SAT-SST in RCP 8.5 decreases everywhere possibly indicating that the separation layers’ thickness decreases. Instead, SAT-SST decrement in RCP 4.5 seems more marked at the Poles than elsewhere but with lower strength than in the RCP 8.5 scenario. The other parameters show various trends (images are available in supplementary material): a decreasing trend is visible for ice concentration, sea surface salinity presents local reductions (especially at the Poles, because of ice melting) and increases, sea bottom salinity remains quite stable, primary production has localised decrement, and precipitation increase in several areas (with higher increases in RCP 8.5) but show localised decreases, e.g. in the Mediterranean Sea.