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“Mapping” Smart Cities
Published in Tommi Inkinen, Tan Yigitcanlar, Mark Wilson, Smart Cities and Innovative Urban Technologies, 2020
Becky P. Y. Loo, Winnie S. M. Tang
The arrival of the Internet and World Wide Web (www) technology in the 2000s may be called the Age of Web GIS. Web GIS simply refers to digital maps and GIS functions that can be accessed and used through a web browser and TCP/IP network either on the Internet or an Intranet. With Web GIS, it means that virtually everyone who can access a PC connected to the network can use GIS. When Web 2.0 became popular in the mid-2000s, the usability and user friendliness of Web GIS were also greatly enhanced and more spatial analysis functions were offered in Web GIS. During this period, two popular web mapping portals, Google Maps and OpenStreetMap, were also launched. These two portals have emerged as disruptive technologies and greatly changed the landscape of the GIS world. They not only increased the awareness of the public of the usefulness of GIS but also expanded the geospatial market significantly. They have two common characteristics, namely the bundling of digital map data with GIS and the provision of web map services and Application Programming Interface (API) for the developers to embed GIS in their own applications.
Remote Sensing Technique
Published in Ajai, Rimjhim Bhatnagar, Desertification and Land Degradation, 2022
Thematic maps, prepared using satellite data, are required as input data for many applications e.g. infrastructure development, urban planning and development, land use planning, natural resources development, desertification combating, watershed development area-based planning, etc. In many of the above applications, more than one thematic map is required to be used. For example, preparation of an action plan for combating desertification requires thematic maps, such as current land use, soil, surface waterbodies and drainage, hydrogeomorphology, topography and slope. These maps or spatial thematic layers need to be integrated and analysed in a spatial domain for making a combating plan. In addition, it may also require data on the socio-economic profile of the people. In some of the applications, non-spatial data (attribute data) are also required to be used, in addition to spatial thematic layers. Integration and analysis of a number of spatial thematic layers along with the non-spatial attribute information require specific technology and tools. GIS (geographic information system) is one such technology which is used for integration and analysis of spatial and non-spatial data in the spatial domain. GIS can be considered as a tool for working with geospatial or georeferenced data (geographic information) in any domain of relevance such as in urban and infrastructure planning, agriculture, hazards and disaster management, hydrology, land degradation, geology, agriculture, forestry, etc. GIS is defined by Huisman and deBy (2009) as ‘GIS is a computer-based system that provides the following four sets of capabilities to handle georeferenced data: (i) Data capture and preparation, (ii) Data management, including storage and maintenance, (iii) Data manipulation and analysis and (iv) Data presentation'. Thus, for every piece of data, GIS acts as an analysis tool to know what, where and how of the datasets, finds out common things within the datasets and relates them. GIS is broadly divided into two kinds depending upon the way of use – desktop application and Web GIS.
The application of WebGIS technology in coal mine
Published in Heping Xie, Yuehan Wang, Yaodong Jiang, Computer Applications in the Mineral Industries, 2020
Xianjun Zhao, Jianlin Yu, Yizong Lin, Shunian Ning
WebGIS (World Wide Web GIS) is the combined outcome of Internet technology and GIS technology, which is the reconstruction and development of traditional GIS technology. With the technology of WWW, the user at any node can browse and search GIS information on Web, and realize spatial analysis, prediction, ratiocination and decision. The application of Internet technology can improve the disadvantage and lack of traditional GIS in development, management, popularization, and publishment. The characteristic of WebGIS is as the following: The lower cost for development and managementIn traditional GIS, every client is equipped with expensive professional GIS software, while users usually only use some basic functions, so actually great waste has been caused. On the contrary, with the general browser, WebGIS can publish geographic information, which greatly reduces the cost of maintenance and training at the client.GIS of real popularizationWebGIS provides the chance to utilize GIS for more users. Not only professional but also any common user can utilize the browser to browse and inquire the information of GIS.Favorable expansibilityThe technology standard of Internet is open and non-appropriate, and is established by such standardization organizations as IETF and W3C. It provides great space for the farther expansibility of WebGIS. Thus WebGIS can seamlessly integrate the other information service of Web. The agile and plentiful application of GIS can be established.The feature of striding platform
A Review of Spatial Big Data Platforms, Opportunities, and Challenges
Published in IETE Journal of Education, 2020
ArcGIS is a proprietary leading mapping and analytics platform with a rich set of functionalities provided by ESRI [10]. QGIS, on the other hand, is a free and open source geographic information system [11]. The GIS systems have evolved from Desktop GIS to Server GIS to Web GIS. The Desktop GIS system is a standalone application that can handle small-sized spatial data in shapefile file format. The shapefile format is an open standard that supports interoperability between different GIS applications. The focus of this system is geographic coordinate representation of spatial data and interactive visualization tools for map reading. In Server GIS, the file storage is replaced by a spatial database server at the back end. Server GIS is a multi-user system based on client server architecture, as shown in Figure 2, which can serve multiple spatial data applications. It can handle more data than monolithic Desktop GIS. The Web GIS is a Server GIS providing access to spatial data in a web portal using an online map server. The Google Map is an example of massive scale Web GIS.
A spatially explicit framework for climate adaptation
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2018
Joshphar Kunapo, Tim D. Fletcher, Anthony R. Ladson, Luke Cunningham, Matthew J. Burns
Web-GIS is a convenient and cost-effective tool to promote accessibility, efficient distribution, effective administration, and cross-platform flexibility of geodata (Kunapo et al. 2005a; Albano, Sole, and Adamowski 2015). The ICAM system architecture has three main components: the database, the Server-side ICAM Engine, and the Web interface. The Web server uses Microsoft’s Internet Information Services (IIS), with ArcGIS Server 10.2 (ESRI 2015) to serve spatial data. The development of the Web interface was implemented using HTML, Java Scripts, and ArcGIS Server Application Programming Interfaces (API). The server-side business logic was developed using Active Server Pages (ASP). The ICAM spatial data includes general GIS base layers and purpose-built GIS layers. The purpose-built GIS layers are further grouped into six categories: heat, drought, flood, river rise, sea-level rise and sub-catchment/catchment information is given in Supplementary Material (Table S3).