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Automatic Restoration Systems and Outage Management
Published in Stuart Borlase, Smart Grids, 2018
Mirrasoul J. Mousavi, Ning Kang, Hormoz Kazemzadeh, Christopher McCarthy, Witold P. Bik, Stuart Borlase, Christopher McCarthy, Steven Radice, James Stoupis, Tim Taylor
Source transfer equipment typically consists of a pad mounted switch connected to multiple feeders and the connected loads. Voltage sensors are used on each feeder to determine the presence of voltage on both the primary and secondary sources. If the voltage on the primary source feeder drops below a predetermined threshold and the voltage on the secondary source feeder remains above a predetermined threshold, then the three-phase switch connected to the primary source is first opened, and subsequently, the three-phase switch connected to the secondary source is closed. In an industrial park configuration, the source transfer switch is connected as part of a multi-loop system, where one feeder acts as the primary source for the first set of loads and the secondary source for a second set of loads, and a second feeder is the primary source for the second set of loads and a secondary source for the first set of loads. If one feeder loses voltage upstream, then all the loads are switched to the healthy feeder. Figure 7.7 shows an example of a source transfer switch.
Smart Grid Technologies
Published in Stuart Borlase, Smart Grids, 2017
Source transfer equipment typically consists of pad-mounted switchgear connected to multiple feeders and to the connected loads. Voltage sensors are used on each feeder to determine the presence of voltage on both the primary and secondary sources. If the voltage on the primary source feeder drops below a predetermined threshold and the voltage on the secondary source feeder remains above a predetermined threshold, then the three-phase switch connected to the primary source is first opened and subsequently the three-phase switch connected to the secondary source is closed. In an industrial park configuration, the source transfer switchgear is wired as part of a multiloop system, where one feeder acts as the primary source for a first set of loads and the secondary source for a second set of loads, and a second feeder is the primary source for the second set of loads and a secondary source for the first set of loads. If one feeder loses voltage upstream, then all the loads are switched to the healthy feeder. Figure 3.115 shows an example of a piece of source transfer switchgear.
Eye Tracking, Usability, and User Experience: A Systematic Review
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
Jakub Štěpán Novák, Jan Masner, Petr Benda, Pavel Šimek, Vojtěch Merunka
Following the definition of these RQs, a detailed search and selection strategy was set to provide a complex overview of selected issues. Based on the nature of the scientific work and systematic review, the WEB OF SCIENCE database (WoS) was selected as the primary data source to search for relevant literature since it includes the most trusted global scientific databases in the world and provides a comprehensive selection of various journals through many different academic disciplines. The SCOPUS database was selected as a secondary source to supplement this primary source. Based on its wide selection of full-texts available and different searching approaches. The search through selected sources was conducted in multiple phases, starting on October 15, 2021, and ending on July 15, 2022. This approach provided the most updated overview of the studied issues.
Helmholtz and the conservation of energy: contexts of creation and reception
Published in Annals of Science, 2023
Every so often a book comes along that transforms one’s perspective on a major development in the history of science. Kenneth Caneva’s is one of them. Built upon decades of immersion in the primary source literature on both Helmholtz and the conservation of energy, the book’s fulcrum is Helmholtz’s mid-1847 essay on the conservation of force (Über die Erhaltung der Kraft). The essay’s birth did not portend its later central role in the history of physics. Rejected by Johann Poggendorff, editor of the prestigious Berlin-based Annalen der Physik und Chemie, for its complete lack of experimental confirmation, the essay was independently published. With limited circulation, a large readership was never guaranteed initially—a circumstance that makes the identification of those who did comment on it (and why) all the more interesting historically. That, in a nutshell, is Caneva’s context of reception. The context of creation is conceptually more complex. It involved deciphering Helmholtz’s tools—especially his use of a rational mechanics based on mass points governed by attractive and repulsive forces acting along straight lines and written in its own peculiar mathematical language, which was probably also a reason for its rejection. Caneva also defines the context of creation in terms of the contemporary understanding of the impossibility of creating motive force out of nothing; heat as a form of motion; vital force; the conservation of vis viva; the nature of physiological processes; and other key issues, including what the task of the physical sciences was supposed to be. In defining both contexts, Caneva casts an incredibly wide net over the intellectual landscape. Filling five hundred pages of text, the book is outfitted with copious endnotes, a rich bibliography of primary and secondary sources, and a comprehensive index.1 While Caneva’s book sits squarely in the history of physics, its methodology—based on a close reading of 2700 primary sources, a deft execution of how “contexts” are defined, a meticulous but measured consideration of secondary literature, and a sensitivity to historical interpretation—is a model for intellectual history more broadly.