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Lower extremity injuries
Published in Youlian Hong, Roger Bartlett, Routledge Handbook of Biomechanics and Human Movement Science, 2008
William C. Whiting, Ronald F. Zernicke
Though injured less frequently than the ACL, the PCL also is of clinical significance. The causes of PCL injury vary but about half of the cases are due to trauma resulting from motor vehicle accidents (MVA). Most of the remaining cases happen during sporting activities (40 per cent) and industrial accidents (10 per cent). MVA and industrial accidents typically involve high-energy dynamics, while sport-related injuries are considered low-energy.
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction– A numerical case study
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Bharath K Bhat, Raviraja Adhikari, Kiran Kumar V Acharya
ACL reconstruction is surgical procedure in which the torn ACL is replaced by a graft. If the graft is taken from another person it is known of allograft. If it is taken from the same person it is known as autograft. If it is taken from another person it is known as allograft. Van Ek et al. (Charles Brown, 2014) define anatomic ACL reconstruction as the process of restoring ACL to its native site and orientation. There are three conditions for anatomic ACL reconstruction. First, the graft should replicate the size, shape and location of native ACL. Secondly, it should replicate the two functional bundles of native ACL. The tertiary condition is it should replicate the tensional pattern of native ACL. Finally, it should be individualized for every person as a every person has a different anatomical configuration when compared with another person. In Anteromedial Portal (AMP) technique an anteromedial portal is drilled in the femur. But, in the Traditional Transtibial (TT) technique this feature is absent. Knee joint which is considered for this study includes bones such as Tibia, Femur, and Fibula; stabilising ligaments like anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), articular cartilages, posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL); Femoral and Tibial cartilages, Menisci. The comparison between Traditional Transtibial and Anteromedial Portal techniques is shown in Figure 1 (a,b).
Investigation of normal knees kinematics in walking and running at different speeds using a portable motion analysis system
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2021
Rixu Liu, Dongyang Qian, Yushu Chen, Jianyu Zou, Shicong Zheng, Bo Bai, Zefeng Lin, Yu Zhang, Yi Chen
In this research, there was no statistical difference in the minimum of tibial anterior/posterior translation between all groups. It was found that there was an increase in the maximum and ROM of anterior/posterior translation when comparing faster walking with slower walking, but it showed no statistical difference between the slow running and ordinary running. However, it was noticed that the anterior/posterior translation did not change as much as the medial/lateral and proximal/distal translations. This was probably due to the function of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in the joints, which could restrict the anterior/posterior translation of tibia not only in walking, but also in running in the normal knees. Running is a more intensive exercise. Running causes continuous strain of ACL and PCL, generating a pulling force to restrain the anterior and posterior movements (Nagai et al., 2019).
Inverse dynamics, joint reaction forces and loading in the musculoskeletal system: guidelines for correct mechanical terms and recommendations for accurate reporting of results
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2021
It is also important to consider that the inverse dynamics output, irrespective of the approach followed (‘Actual Forces’ or ‘Resultant Moments’), always includes the joint reaction forces RX and RY. It is obvious from the above example that the JRF components RX and RY calculated from a Resultant Moments approach are significantly lower and may act in different directions compared to the JRFs from the Actual Forces approach. For example, the JRFs from the Resultant Moments approach, in the context of the lower leg segment and motion modelled, would indicate that there is no compressive load (RX = 0) absorbed by the meniscus and tibia. The shear JRF (RY = 39.2 N) would indicate that the Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) is actually loaded and provides the majority of the shear force applied on the tibia. However, when the actual extensor muscle force and the way it is applied is modelled (assuming this knowledge exists from literature or own measurements), then the JRFs indicate that there is a compressive load (RX = 225 N), the shear load is higher and actually applied in the posterior direction (RY = −54 N). This is a force that will be provided mainly by the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL), indicating an ACL rather than a PCL load.