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Mobility Management
Published in Wen Sun, Qubeijian Wang, Nan Zhao, Haibin Zhang, Chao Shen, Ultra-Dense Heterogeneous Networks, 2023
Wen Sun, Haibin Zhang, Nan Zhao, Chao Shen, Lawrence Wai-Choong Wong
In [141], a strategy based on SDN-based mobility and available resource estimation was proposed to address the handover delay problem. The specific architecture is shown in Fig. 3.7. The proposed SDN-based ultra-dense 5G network architecture consists of a centralized controller and two independent planes (the control plane and the data plane). In the control plane, the controller can communicate with the mobility management entity (MME) and home subscriber server (HSS) components of LTE to handle the handover procedure. Mobility management module and admission control module are also defined. The mobility management module includes the proposed eNB transition probability estimation engine and an eNB selection engine. A large number of hexagonal small cells and mobile nodes are deployed in the data plane. In addition, two scenarios are considered, the first scenario is that the neighboring six cells of the current cell are in an active state; the second scenario is that the neighboring six cells of the current cell are in a partially active state, that is, some cells are in a sleep state. Communication between the controller and the data plane is performed with the help of the OpenFlow protocol and the OpenFlow table. Therefore, the decision of the controller is transmitted to the OpenFlow table of the mobile node and the small cell through the OpenFlow protocol. It is determined by the UE residence time whether the current cell UE wants to handover.
IoT Architecture and Compatibility with Current Infrastructure
Published in Rebecca Lee Hammons, Ronald J. Kovac, Fundamentals of Internet of Things for Non-Engineers, 2019
Among these servers and gateways are: The Mobility Management Entity (MME)—Supports user equipment context, identity, authentication; manages session states; and authenticates and tracks a user as the move locality and as a result across the network.The Home Subscriber Server (HSS)—contains a database of user-related and subscriber-related information.TheServing Gateway (SGW)—Receives packets from the eNodeB antenna and sends them on to the core network routing data packets through the appropriate access network. This may be off to the traditional telephone switched network or to the various packet routing facilities.The Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW)—Connects the EPC with external packet carrying networks for transmitting data downstream to the public Internet or private data networks.
Network Architecture, Mobility Management, and Deployment
Published in Saad Z. Asif, 5G Mobile Communications Concepts and Technologies, 2018
E-UTRAN only consists of one physical network element type, that is, eNodeB, and there is no separate entity in the form of BSC or RNC. All the typical radio functions and a MAC layer, RLC (Radio Link Control Layer), and RRC (Radio Resource Control) are part of eNodeB. EPC consists of three main elements, namely MME, SGW (Serving Gateway), and PGW (Packet Gateway). The main function of MME is to manage UE (user equipment)* mobility and UE identity and it is connected to E-UTRAN via S1-MME interface. SGW performs mobility anchoring for inter-eNodeB handovers and inter-3GPP systems. PGW is the mobility anchor for movement between 3GPP and non-3GPP access systems. PGW connects to external PDNs (packet data networks), operators’ IMS and non-IMS IP services, and provides access for trusted and nontrusted non-3GPP IP networks.
Design and Research of Electric Bicycle Networking System Based on NB-IoT Technology
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2021
In order to send IoT data to applications, the Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) defines two optimized solutions in the Evolved Packet System (EPS) [15]. One is to optimize user-level operations for CIoT EPS (User Plane CIoT EPS opTImisaTIon) [16]. The second is CIoT EPS control level operation optimization (Control Plane CIoT EPS opTImisation). As shown in Figure 2, the CIoT EPS control level operation optimization design is represented by a solid line in the figure. The operation optimization diagram at the EPS level of CIoT users is represented by the dotted line in the figure. CIoT EPS control level operation optimization: The ride data is sent from the eNodeB base station to the MME (Mobility Management Entity), and the transmission path is divided into two branches. It is sent to the PG through SGW (Serving GW). It is sent from packet data (Packet Data Network Gateway, PDN gateway) to the application server, or connected to the application server through SCEF (Service Capability Exposure Function) [17]. The latter only supports non-IP data transmission. The downstream data path is the opposite of the downstream data path. When small data packets are rarely sent, this format is usually used because this format does not require the creation of a data radio carrier [18].
Software-Defined Networking Techniques to Improve Mobile Network Connectivity: Technical Review
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2018
Finally, a Programmable Mobile Core Network is proposed by Shanmugalingam and Bertin [18], where a programmable data plane that consists of OpenFlow (OF) controller is used. In this approach, the controller cooperates with Mobility Manage Entity (MME) to support seamless mobility when user equipment (UE) moves from one Evolved Node B (eNB) to another. New interface between OF controller and MME is also introduced where two types of new messages, UE State Disclose message and Downlink Data Notification message, are used. UE State Disclose message is sent together with new target eNB by MME to OF controller when UE moves across different eNBs in order to provide updated rules to the corresponding OF enabled switches; while Downlink Data Notification message is sent by OF controller to MME upon receiving paging indication from eNB so that paging request is started and UE initiates “UE triggered Service Request.” At the same time, OF controller is informed by MME to add new FTE in OF-enabled switches. In the proposed network design, handover procedure is triggered once the source eNB contacts the target eNB based on measurement reports for handover request. Communication between UE and the source eNB is terminated once handover command is sent to UE. Incoming data from external network are buffered at the source eNB and sent to the target eNB via tunnel so that the uplink data are sent via target eNB from UE. However, the source eNB's down link is still in use to buffer incoming data and tunnel to the target eNB. Thus, new down link path is needed and can be set up by requesting path switch to MME so that UE State Disclose message with the target eNB would be sent by MME to OF controller for updating new table entries to relevant OF switches. Once the path has been set up, the source eNB resources are released.