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Digital Design—Combinational Logic
Published in Bogdan M. Wilamowski, J. David Irwin, Fundamentals of Industrial Electronics, 2018
Buren Earl Wells, Sin Ming Loo
A basic knowledge of Boolean algebra is very helpful to digital design engineers [1], but most of the low-level design optimization is now handled using complex software tools that synthesize the design into logic circuitry and allow one to simulate the functionality of the design before it is implemented. These tools often support design entry using modeling languages where the functionality of circuitry is specified, not at the gate level but at a very high level of abstraction. These languages are called hardware description languages (HDLs) and modern HDLs include VHDL [2], Verilog [3], System C [4], and Impulse C [5]. These tools allow for the design engineer to effectively manage the complexity of designs that contain logic circuitry that often contain millions of gates. It is also common for design engineers to prototype their designs using reconfigurable hardware before implementing their designs in application-specific hardware.
Developing an optimized strategy with transcranial direct current stimulation to enhance the endogenous pain control system in fibromyalgia
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Dante Duarte, Luis Eduardo Coutinho Castelo-Branco, Elif Uygur Kucukseymen, Felipe Fregni
Temporal Slow Pain Summation (TSPS) is another assessment related to central sensitization. It can measure enhanced pain severity during and after repetitive stimuli (temporal summation). TSPS seems not to be dependent on increased impulse C-fiber input, suggesting that TSPS is indeed a central nervous system rather than peripheral phenomenon [79]. There are several neural correlates for this central phenomenon such as rostral ventromedial medulla facilitationand ineffective central pain modulation [80]. Again, the thalamus seems to play a key moderator role, as outputs from the dorsal horn of the spinal cord are sent to the thalamus, which in turn are relayed to the insula and somatosensory cortices. TSPS is represented in Figure 1 by the gray color.
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) applications in concrete pavements
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2022
Alireza Joshaghani, Mehran Shokrabadi
Therefore, the relation between the propagation velocity of the electromagnetic impulses and the permittivity in low-loss media can be calculated as Equation (4): where = the propagation velocity of electromagnetic impulse, c = the speed of light in air (3×108 m/s), d = the slab thickness (m), Δt = the time of travel (t), and ϵ = the dielectric constant.
Impulses-induced p-exponential input-to-state stability for a class of stochastic delayed partial differential equations
Published in International Journal of Control, 2019
If the input u(t) ≡ 0 and control impulse ck = 0, , then system (1) reduces to the following input-free and control-free equations: In the same way as in Theorem 3.1, we get the following result: