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Internet Layer
Published in Mário Marques da Silva, Cable and Wireless Networks, 2018
The IPv6 considers the following three types of addresses: Unicast identifies a single network interface [RFC 2374]. As described above, the global unicast addresses are located within the address range 2000::/3 (the three leftmost bits of the IPv6 address are fixed to 001).Anycast identifies any address within a certain address group. For example, an anycast address may refer to the closer node within a certain unicast address range. Anycast addresses use the same address space as unicast, but for different purposes.Multicast identifies all addresses within a certain a group of interfaces. Note that there are no broadcast addresses in IPv6. The broadcast address is a special case of the multicast address. The multicast addresses are located within the address range FF00::/8 (the eight leftmost bits of the IPv6 address are fixed to 11111111).
Introduction of Computer Networks
Published in Dijiang Huang, Ankur Chowdhary, Sandeep Pisharody, Software-Defined Networking and Security, 2018
Dijiang Huang, Ankur Chowdhary, Sandeep Pisharody
IPv6 is designed to address the IP address shortage issue of IPv4 due to its limited 32-bit address space. IPv6 addresses have 128 bits. To put that number in perspective, the number of atoms on the surface of the earth is 1.26 × 1034, and the total number of IPv6 addresses is 3.4 × 1038. Thus, we could have an IP address for every atom on the surface of the earth and have enough left over to repeat the process a hundred times. The IPv6 address space implements a very different design philosophy than in IPv4, in which subnetting was used to improve the efficiency of utilization of the small address space.
The Switch/Router
Published in James Aweya, Switch/Router Architectures, 2019
IPv4 specifies the address range 127.0.0.0/8 (127.0.0.1 through 127.255.255.254) for loopback addresses. This allows any information that an entity within the device sends on the loopback address to be addressed directly (turned back) to the same device. The most commonly used IP address for a loopback interface is IPv4 address 127.0.0.1 and IPv6 address ::1. Also, the standard domain name corresponding to the loopback address is “localhost”.
A Stateless Spatial IPv6 Address Configuration Scheme for Internet of Things
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2021
SLAAC is simple, dynamic, and scalable and provides a way for IoT nodes to self-configure IPv6 addresses [16]. The IPv6 address is represented by a 128 bit fixed size numerical value and is generally divided into two parts; the leftmost 64 bit prefix and the rightmost 64 bit Interface Identifier (IID) [17]. The number of bits in the prefix and IID can vary depending on the link type and deployment scenario of the IoT node. An IoT node creates a 128-bit IPv6 address by combining the prefix and IID. The first part prefix is extracted from the network router’s router advertisement (RA) message and in the second part, the IID is generated by the node itself using any addressing scheme. The uniqueness of a generated address is verified using the duplicate address detection (DAD) protocol. A verified unique IPv6 address is assigned to the new node’s interface. If a duplicate address is found during the DAD process, a second IID is generated and the entire process is repeated, leading to delays and energy consumption [18,19].
Machine Learning Technique to Detect Sybil Attack on IoT Based Sensor Network
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2021
Abolfazl Mehbodniya, Julian L. Webber, Mohammad Shabaz, Hamidreza Mohafez, Kusum Yadav
Internet of Things (IoT), which has made a name for itself with technological developments, continues to be a concept of interest in today's world where access to the Internet is easier. This technology is available in devices with short-range and wireless connectivity; wearable devices, smart homes, e-health, smart city infrastructure and superstructure, intelligent industrial applications, logistics, education, tourism, and trade. In IoT, electronic devices can receive and analyze data with their sensors. Devices around the server can communicate without human interaction [1,2]. In addition to the developments in smartphone technology, integrating sensors into devices makes communication with mobile devices more accessible and makes different objects a part of IoT [3]. Each sensor can transfer all kinds of quantitative properties such as temperature, humidity, light intensity to other devices and users. However, resource constraints and limited processing capacities make these devices sensitive [4]. Attacks on the end-user worldwide and mass actions that disrupt systems also pose a significant threat to IoT. It is not challenging to neutralize these objects with various attacks, whose most sensitive aspect is energy. IEEE and IETF, which offer essential solution technologies in network technologies, provide suggestions for solutions to the functionality and standardization problems of the IoT environment that will reach a large structure [5–7]. IPv6 addresses are used in the IoT environment instead of the IPv4 standard, which will be insufficient for the number of nodes expressed in billions as of 2020. Considering energy conservation, IPv6 (IPv6 Over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks, 6LoWPAN) has been found by IETF for Low Energy Wireless Personal Area Networks [6–8].