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Securing Future Autonomous Applications Using Cyber-Physical Systems and the Internet of Things
Published in Amit Kumar Tyagi, Niladhuri Sreenath, Handbook of Research of Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems, 2022
S. Sobana, S. Krishna Prabha, T. Seerangurayar, S. Sudha
Nowadays, most of the real time applications are widely depends on information and communication technologies (ICT). Today human tasks are replaced with the help of computers which increasing number of automations in different fields. This automation system (AS) is being merged with different aims such as interoperability, security, distributed processing, and heterogeneity [1]. An autonomous system is sometimes referred as a routing domain. The routing communication within the AS is carried out with the help of interior gateway protocol (IGP). Between the autonomous systems the routing information is shared with the help of border gateway protocol (BGP). A unique autonomous system number (ASN) is assigned by the BGP to an internet service provider (ISP) that connects all those organizations to the internet. As of August 2019, the total number of allocated ASNs exceeded 92,000.
Internet Layer
Published in Mário Marques da Silva, Cable and Wireless Networks, 2018
Within an AS, routers forward datagrams among different LANs using interior gateway protocols (IGP), which consist of a group of protocols used to generate entries into routing tables in order to allow forwarding datagrams inside the organization’s network (AS). Similarly, exterior gateway protocols (EGPs)* consist of a group of protocols used to generate entries into routing tables in order to allow forwarding datagrams between different ASs. A router without connection with the exterior of an AS only uses one or more IGPs. A router that connects with other routers of the same AS and with routers of different ASs† needs to use both IGP and EGP.
SRv6 Multicast/BIERv6
Published in Zhenbin Li, Zhibo Hu, Cheng Li, SRv6 Network Programming, 2021
Zhenbin Li, Zhibo Hu, Cheng Li
The routing underlay is responsible for determining the next-hop BFR to each BFER. As shown in Figure 12.7, BFR A determines the next-hop BFR and the corresponding outbound interface for each BFR-prefix. Generally, the routing underlay protocol is an IGP, such as IS-IS or OSPF. On some networks, such as large-scale data center networks, BGP may be used as the routing underlay protocol.
A Survey on Packet Switching Networks
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Routing protocols have two different types: static and dynamic. In the static routing protocol, the routing table is not prepared automatically; instead, the network administrator prepares it, and whenever any change is required in the routing table, the network administrator updates it. The static routing protocol is divided into four types; standard static, default static, summary static, and floating static. The dynamic routing protocol automatically configures the routing table. The network administrator does not need to update or maintain the routing table. The dynamic routing protocol has further two categories of technologies/protocols; Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) and Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP). The IGP has further two types that are distance vector routing protocol and link-state routing protocol. These two categories of routing protocols have further different types, see figure 6. In comparison, the EGP has only one further type that is a path-vector routing protocol. Furthermore, the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a path-vector routing protocol, see figure 6.
A comprehensive review of moth-flame optimisation: variants, hybrids, and applications
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2020
Abdelazim G. Hussien, Mohamed Amin, Mohamed Abd El Aziz
Routing Protocols are classified into two classes: Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) and Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP). The former is used in single autonomous communication and the latter is used in different autonomous networks routing. The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) algorithm is a well-known and efficient algorithm used in selecting the shortest path between the source and destination. In (Garg & Gupta, 2017b) Garg and Gupta tried to optimise OSPF problem using MFO even if the attacker node exists.