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Hardware-Assisted Verification and Software Development
Published in Luciano Lavagno, Igor L. Markov, Grant Martin, Louis K. Scheffer, Electronic Design Automation for IC System Design, Verification, and Testing, 2017
Frank Schirrmeister, Mike Bershteyn, Ray Turner
Whether a microprocessor in-circuit emulator (MP-ICE) or real time operating system (RTOS) debugger is used, the software debugging and hardware debugging environments can be synchronized so that hardware/software interface issues can be debugged conveniently. The break-point/trigger systems of the emulator and MP-ICE are cross-connected such that the emulator’s logic analyzer trigger is one of the MP-ICE breakpoint conditions and the MP-ICE breakpoint trap signal is set as an emulator logic analyzer trigger condition. Therefore, if a software breakpoint is reached, the emulator captures the condition of the ASIC at the same moment. If an ASIC event triggers the logic analyzer, the software is stopped at that moment. This allows inspection of the hardware events that led to a software breakpoint or of the ASIC operation resulting from executing a set of software instructions. This kind of coordinated debugging is extremely valuable for understanding subtle problems that occur at the hardware/software interface.
A comprehensive approach to scenario-based risk management for Arctic waters
Published in Ship Technology Research, 2022
Martin Bergström, Thomas Browne, Sören Ehlers, Inari Helle, Hauke Herrnring, Faisal Khan, Jan Kubiczek, Pentti Kujala, Mihkel Kõrgesaar, Bernt Johan Leira, Tuuli Parviainen, Arttu Polojärvi, Mikko Suominen, Rocky Taylor, Jukka Tuhkuri, Jarno Vanhatalo, Brian Veitch
In summary, FEM represents a powerful tool for the simulation of ice-structure interactions. There are multiple different FEM-based approaches to assess ice loads, suitable for different scenarios. Non-coupled pressure mapping approaches represent the industrial standard and are applied in ice class regulations, among others. However, as explained above, these approaches are associated with limitations that the user must be aware of. In recent years, significant research efforts have been made to advance the development of different types of coupled methods. However, due to related technical challenges, no technical standard has yet been obtained. As a result, engineers must assess on a case-by-case basis and based on extensive validations, what ice model is the most suitable. Further research is needed for improved scalability, accuracy, and robustness.
Anhydrous bioethanol gasoline blends at high altitude above sea level in a SI engine: performance and specific emissions
Published in Biofuels, 2021
A. García Mariaca, R. Morillo Castaño
An ICE is a thermal machine that transforms the chemical energy of a fuel into thermal energy inside the engine with a high voltage electric arc (spark) inside the combustion chamber starting the process of combustion of the fuel–air mixture. This thermal energy increases the gases’ temperature and pressure inside the engine and this pressure works on the engine mechanism which transforms it into mechanical energy available in the crankshaft rotation. The processes involved are: intake, in which the piston moves, increasing the volume of the combustion chamber with the inlet valve open and exhaust valve closed suctioning the fuel–air mixture; compression, where the inlet valve closes and the piston moves, compressing the fuel–air mixture and thus increasing the pressure and temperature inside the cylinder, and the electric spark is triggered and the combustion begins; expansion, where the combustion of the fuel–air mixture increases the temperature and pressure inside the cylinder to a very high peak with all valves closed, and the high pressure pushes the piston thus producing engine output work; and exhaust, where the exhaust valve opens and the piston moves, discharging the hot exhaust gases from the cylinder. Near the end of the exhaust stroke, the inlet valve opens and a new cycle begins [11,26].