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What is energy?
Published in Kornelis Blok, Evert Nieuwlaar, Introduction to Energy Analysis, 2020
Kornelis Blok, Evert Nieuwlaar
The various energy conversion sectors (like electricity plants and refineries) are listed below the TPES row. Energy conversion sectors have energy as both an input (negative numbers) and an output (positive numbers). The treatment of combined generation of heat and power (CHP, see Section 5.5) is as follows. CHP plants produce both heat and electricity. In IEA energy statistics, the electricity output and the heat that is sold to others is included as part of the energy conversion sector. The heat that is used by the producer itself is included in the final energy use sectors.
Performance evaluation of downdraft gasifier for ‘refuse derived fuel’
Published in Alka Mahajan, Parul Patel, Priyanka Sharma, Technologies for Sustainable Development, 2020
Mihir Lathigara, Darshit Upadhyay*, Rohan Kadam, Rakesh Maheshwari, Rai Singh Dahiya, Rajesh Patel
Being one of the fastest growing economies in the world and a developing county, India has huge electricity requirements (Thambi, Bhatacharya, & Fricko, 2018). Rural electrification has been a serious concern due to non-feasible and expensive process to establish grids in interiors areas (Patel, Upadhyay, & Patel, 2014). The rural population is majorly dependent on animal husbandry and farming. Energy from biomass is one of the methods to meet rural electricity requirement. Power from biomass from thermochemical conversion route such as gasification, combustion, pyrolysis, etc. reached above 9 GW of installed renewable energy systems (Energy Statistics, 2019). More than 50% of the land area is covered in forests and farms, making India rich in biomass (“https://knoema.com/atlas/India/topics/Land-Use/Area/Agricultural-land-as-a-share-of-land-area,” n.d.) (Upadhyay, Makwana, & Patel, 2019). In interior area of India, a stand-alone gasifier coupled with a reciprocating engine may resolve rural electrification problems (Abe et al., 2007). The gasification process efficiently converts the majority of carbonaceous feedstock into combustible producer gas (CO+H2) for applications such as furnaces, powering vehicles or engines (“Biomass Gasifier Definition,” n.d.). Generally, gasifiers are available in a wide working range from as low as 51 kW up to 2 MW (“Current Status of Biomass Gasification in India,” n.d.). Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal is a major problem with the government in recent time. It includes various waste such as plastics, rubbers, metallic components, e-waste, dust etc (Materazzi, 2017). Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) comprises such waste with usable heating value. Utilizing these waste to generate electricity is beneficial for the social and environmental aspects (Ryu, 2010). As the production of MSW is increasing day by day, preparation of RDF from the MSW and its utilization for electricity generation is an important research area nowadays.
COVID-19 pandemic: impacts on air quality and economy before, during and after lockdown in China in 2020
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Mengge Zhou, Tingting Hu, Wenqi Zhang, Qi Wang, Lin Kong, Menglong Zhou, Pinhua Rao, Wangminzi Peng, Xiangxiang Chen, Xiaojuan Song
This study uses the real-time air pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO, O3, PM2.5, PM10) mass concentration and air quality index (AQI) of the National Bureau of Statistics of China data (http://www.stats.gov.cn/) [16]. The data of electricity mix by the IEA Key energy statistics (https://www.iea.org/countries/china) [31]. GDP is calculated by China’s National Bureau of Statistics. The NO2 concentration data were collected by the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Sentinel-5 satellite [57]. The TROPOMI sensor measures the composition of the atmosphere worldwide and on a daily basis with an unprecedented spatial resolution. A related sensor, the O3 Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Aura satellite [58], has been making similar measurements. It measures ozone from Earth’s surface to top-of-atmosphere. The AOD data based on observations by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite (https://terra.nasa.gov/about/terra-instruments/modis) [32,59].