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The Development of the Electronics Industry
Published in Chung-Shing Lee, Michael Pecht, The Taiwan Electronics Industry, 2020
Chung-Shing Lee, Michael Pecht
The single most important component for the electronics industry is the semiconductor. In general, the manufacturing of semiconductors comprises four separable phases: design and mask making, wafer fabrication, assembly, and final testing. Since the 1970s, a pattern of sub-regional specialization has emerged in the Asian-Pacific semiconductor industry. In Taiwan, indigenous firms were established to assemble semiconductors and compete with foreign multinational firms. These entrepreneurs are most often engineers and technicians, frequently overseas Chinese, who have gained experience working for foreign companies. Over a period of four years in the mid-1970s, around NTS 410 million (a significant figure then) was invested in purchasing the required manufacturing technology, product design and testing, training, technical personnel, instruments, and equipment, and in building a pilot IC plant.
Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium
Published in Richard C. Dorf, The Engineering Handbook, 2018
Current trends in the electronics industry (such as increases in the quantity of electronic equipment, reliance on electronic devices in critical applications, higher clock frequencies of computing devices, higher power levels, lower sensitivities, increased packaging densities, use of plastics, etc.) will tend to create more EMI problems. Whether conducted or radiated, emissions include three properties: amplitude, frequency, and waveform. EMI can occur in equipment with low immunity to emissions when any or all of these properties vary from normal, for example, emissions that are too high in amplitude, are too low or too high in frequency, or whose waveforms are distorted. EMI can also occur when these properties are within normal operating parameters, usually resulting from equipment’s low immunity to emissions. Examples of intentional and unintentional conducted and radiated emissions are illustrated in TABLE 113.1.
Semiconductor Diodes
Published in John Bird, Newnes Engineering Science Pocket Book, 2012
The most important semiconductors used in the electronics industry are silicon and germanium. As the temperature of these materials is raised above room temperature, the resistivity is reduced and ultimately a point is reached where they effectively become conductors. For this reason, silicon should not operate at a working temperature in excess of 150°C to 200°C, depending on its purity, and germanium should not operate at a working temperature in excess of 75°C to 90°C, depending on its purity. As the temperature of a semiconductor is reduced below normal room temperature, the resistivity increases until at very low temperatures the semiconductor becomes an insulator.
Effect of a magnetic field on elastic-optical-mechanical-thermo-diffusion waves of an excited semiconductor with electrons-holes interaction
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
The importance of studying materials science, especially the physical properties and the propagation of waves within them, has recently emerged. One of the most important materials currently available is semiconductors, as they bear intermediate properties between materials that conduct electrical current such as aluminum and insulator materials such as glass. The importance of semiconductors has emerged for their multiple uses in modern industries, especially the electronics industry, electrical circuits, photovoltaic cells, and transistors. Therefore, studying the propagation of waves within semiconductors is a very important thing for scientists, especially with the spread of mobile phones and modern computers. With the beginning of the study of materials science, most semiconductor materials, such as silicon and carbon, were considered elastic bodies. It was studied using the theories applied in the theory of thermoelasticity. But with the in-depth study of these materials, it became clear that their resistance to electrical conduction is affected by the change in temperature. In fact, the resistance of semiconductors decreases with a gradual increase in temperature. The thermal effect on these materials excites free electrons at the surface and causes wide transitions to occur in what is known as electronic deformation (ED). The process of ED produces what is known as the carrier density that causes the plasma waves, in this case, the photothermal (PT) theory can be applied. On the other hand, during thermal excitation processes, mechanical loads are generated inside the material and cause what is called thermoelastic (TE) deformation. In addition, the optical properties of semiconductors can be taken into account. As a result of all this, it is possible to study the interaction between the theory of thermoelasticity and PT theory in what is known as the photo-thermoelasticity theory for semiconductors.