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Internet of Things-Compliant Platforms for Inter-Networking Metamaterials
Published in Christos Liaskos, The Internet of Materials, 2020
ESP8266 is a well-known Wi-Fi solution among hobbyists and students who want to add an edge of connectivity to their embedded projects (see Fig. 6.9). The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchips, with a full TCP/IP stack and microcontroller capability, produced by Espressif Systems[5]. It has 1 MB of flash memory, works on the 802.11 b/g/n protocol, and supports Wi-Fi Direct (P2P) and soft-access point. It comes with an integrated transmission-control protocol/Internet protocol stack and a self-calibrated radio-frequency antenna, which allows it to operate under almost all conditions. Several implementations are available in the market based on the ESP8266 chip. The improved version of the ESO8266 is the ESP32. ESP32 is highly-integrated with in-built antenna switches, RF balun, power amplifier, low-noise receive amplifier, filters, and power management modules. ESP32 can perform as a complete standalone system or as a slave device to a host MCU, reducing communication stack overhead on the main application processor. ESP32 can interface with other systems to provide Wi-Fi and Bluetooth functionality through its SPI / SDIO or I2C / UART interfaces.
Research of the long-range greenhouse environment monitoring system based on the cloud technology
Published in Jimmy C.M. Kao, Wen-Pei Sung, Civil, Architecture and Environmental Engineering, 2017
Hao-wei Zhang, Ping-juan Niu, Hai-tao Tian, Wei-fang Xue
The system uses the wireless access networks and adopts the wireless module highly integrated by ESP8266 chip with the built-in TCP/IP protocol, 32-bit microprocessor and a set of complete and self-contained Wi-Fi solution, which can carry the software application, and uninstall all network functions through another processor. The module has powerful processing and storage capabilities through GPIO port integrated sensor and other application specific equipment, so in the process of development, it occupies less system resources. Due to the low power consumption of system, it is widely used in mobile devices and wearable products. The module in this system is used to connect cloud server platform, realize the environment factor data transmission of collection terminal, and the connection with the MCU is as shown in Figure 2.
The Architecture of Internet of Things with Applications and Healthcare Working Models
Published in Lavanya Sharma, Towards Smart World, 2020
T. Venkat Narayana Rao, Vivek Kapa, Vinutha Kapa
Components Required Heartbeat sensor: The pulse sensor is used to measure the beat speed of the heart in a computerized output. The LED is used to realize the heart rate. The standard pulse range is 78 bpm. This provides an advance indication of prompt yield.Temperature sensor: The LM35 detector is used to measure the temperature of the human body. The LM35-structure devices are precision-coordinated circuit temperature detectors with an output voltage directly proportional to Celsius.Pressure sensor: The pressure detector is used to measure the diastolic and systolic weight levels of the device. That is calculated in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). The circulatory strain alters from time to time.Wi-Fi module: The ESP8266 Wireless Device is an autonomous SOC with a built-in TCP/IP protocol array that can provide any microcontroller access to arrange your Wi-Fi. The ESP8266 is able to facilitate an app or to discharge all Wi-Fi arranging capacities from other device processors.Atmega 328: The Atmega 328 is a small-scale controller with 8 bits. It can handle approximate details of the system using 8 bits. It is a narrower-scale controller built on AVR. Its inherent storage would be about 32 KB. It operates from 3.3V up to 5V. Whenever the electric stock is removed from its biased ports, it can save the data.
Internet of Things Based Horizontal Axis Tracking Solar Panel Performance Evaluation
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
Raspberry Pi is like a microprocessor and Arduino is like a microcontroller. Both are accessible by computer by connecting it with Laptop/PC. Raspberry pi is the prominent choice for interfacing with IoT. Raspberry pi supports C/C++, and Python 2/3 and also can support interpreting any language with Raspberry OS. It is a low-cost computer that uses the Linux operating system and offers a number of common input/output (GPIO) pins for controlling devices like IoT. Raspbian OS is like Linux which needs to install in a memory card and fix it with Raspberry Board. ESP8266 is a processor as well as for Wi-Fi connectivity. In Raspberry Board, it is simple to connect with Wi-Fi and send the data, run the program, and save it to a cloud server. You may interface with a Raspberry Pi wirelessly from a machine using MATLAB or using MATLAB OnlineTM in a web browser. This is made possible via the MATLAB® Support Package for Raspberry PiTM Hardware. The Raspberry Pi may be used to collect information from sensor and devices for imaging, which can then be processed in MATLAB. Additionally, use the GPIO, serial, I2C, and SPI pins to interact with other electronics.
Functions and performance of sensors for slope monitoring in opencast coal mines – laboratory experimentation
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
Sathish Kumar Mittapally, Ram Chandar Karra
ESP8266 is a microchip developed by “Espressif” that is used as a Wi-Fi module in IoT projects. However, this ESP8266 chip can also be programmed to work as a microcontroller. It uses System on Chip (SOC) that does not require additional microcontrollers like Arduino boards to draw inputs (Bhardwaj, 2021). It is proficient in hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions to another application processor and is already pre-programmed with a set of AT commands (Sruthy et al. 2020). It is easy to run and program through a USB port with Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) software. The NodeMCU ESP8266 (Figure 6) on the board can power up the node, or the 3.3 V pin can also be used; GND (ground) pins are provided for grounding and Vin pins for the external power supply. The EN and RST buttons are used to reset and control the microcontroller. AO analog pin is used to measure the range of 0 to 3.3 V Analog signals, and GPIO (General-purpose Input Output) pins are used for the input-output purpose. SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) pins are used for SPI communications or short-distance communications. It has a 4 MB flash memory, 128 KB RAM, and 80 MHz clock speed.
A distribute and self-tuning wireless environment monitoring system for buildings based on the Wi-Fi Direct technology
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2018
The microcontroller unit (MCU) of the Wi-Fi sensor node is ESP8266. Supporting IEEE 802.11b/g/n standards, ESP8266 is a highly integrated processor with a Wi-Fi interface working at a 2.412–2.484 GHz frequency range. It also has an antenna switch, power management, and also enough interface resources, such as serial peripheral interface (SPI) and universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART). Without inside read only memory (ROM), the codes are stored in the external SPI flash from which it can start directly. ESP8266 IC and external SPI flash are integrated together with other necessary external circuits into a module, shown in Figure 5, that is acting as the control module of the proposed system. The codes and configuration of users can be downloaded into the flash through the serial port by users with a computer.