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Introduction
Published in Mai Helmy Shaheen, Hybrid Encryption Algorithms Over Wireless Communication Channels, 2021
In a conventional serial data system, the symbols are transmitted sequentially, and the frequency spectrum of each data symbol is allowed to occupy the entire available bandwidth. In a parallel data transmission system, several symbols are transmitted at the same time, and this offers the possibility of alleviating many of the problems encountered in serial systems. In OFDM, the data is divided among many closely-spaced carriers. This accounts for the frequency division multiplexing part of the name. This is not a multiple access technique, since there is no common medium to be shared. The entire bandwidth is filled from a single source of data. Instead of transmitting in a serial way, data is transferred in a parallel way. OFDM can be simply defined as a form of multi-carrier modulation, in which carrier spacing is carefully selected so that each sub-carrier is orthogonal to the other sub-carriers. These orthogonal signals can be separated at the receiver. Orthogonality can be achieved by carefully selecting the carrier spacing by letting the carrier spacing be equal to the reciprocal of the useful symbol period, as explained later [7].
Building-to-Grid Integration for Smart Grids
Published in Nitin Kumar Singh, Siddhartha Pandey, Himanshu Sharma, Sunkulp Goel, Green Innovation, Sustainable Development, and Circular Economy, 2020
V. S. K. V. Harish, Dipti Parab, Karan Doshi
An open source platform/web page provides an interface where an occupant can inspect their power usage at an adequate time interval and can take necessary control actions. One such interface was developed by Ghouari et al. (2019) where a test setup was developed using Raspberry and Arduino ethernet cards. Energy usage patterns of the electrical appliances were captured through a web interface. An Algerian household was considered to observe and collect the information regarding energy consumption, power demand, electrical network characteristics and CO2 emission. Electrical parameters like current, voltage, power, etc. were measured using a power meter and temperature, and solar irradiance using a pyranometer. Recorded data was sent to a computer server using the RS232 and GBIP protocols. Data processing and storing were performed using data system software where the data is saved as text files. Such files are then communicated to a GNU-Linux PC through TCP/IP protocol for sharing with web interface (Ghouari et al., 2019).
Preattentive Attributes in Visualization Design: Enhancing Combat Identification
Published in Dee H. Andrews, Robert P. Herz, Mark B. Wolf, Human Factors Issues in Combat Identification, 2010
A track’s heading communicates a great deal to the trained operator, as it can signal intent. All other factors being equal, target heading alone could induce a decision to employ weapons, and by necessity must be an integral part of any decision to determine hostile intent (Nguyen, 2006). In Figure 8.5, Screenshot (a) shows an air picture depicting, among non-targets, three aircraft with an assigned Link 16 platform of Fighter, using Military Standard 2525b (MS-2525b) symbols, while (b) shows the identical picture using the Raytheon Solipsys-designed Iconic Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS) symbol set.
Open HD map service model: an interoperable high-Definition map data model for autonomous driving
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2023
Fengyuan Zhang, Wenzhong Shi, Min Chen, Wei Huang, Xintao Liu
This research provides two case studies for demo display. First, we use measurement HD map data in San Francisco based on OpenDRIVE shared on the web (Aspin 2020) and reference data from OSM as the basic static map layer. The OpenDRIVE data have rich information about roads, lanes, junctions, and features (e.g. poles, manhole covers). We used an interoperating interface to merge the data in OpenDRIVE format with data in OSM format, which has rich information about roads and buildings, to OHDMSM. As shown in Figure 12 (a), we wrapped relevant functions into a model service following the OpenGMS standard that can be a plug-and-play component in an HD map data system. As shown in figure 12 (b), this model service can merge measurement data with OSM data to OHDMSM data. The HD map data system can invoke the corresponding model services for data processing or data interoperation. Due to the limitation in the extent of available static map data, the dynamic data and real-time data in the system are artificial and can be matched in the map display, such as restriction areas, weather information, and active walkers and vehicles.
Innovative Development Measures of the Chinese Medicine Industry in Industrial Big Data with the Aid of AI in the Context of an Imperfectly Competitive Market Economy
Published in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 2023
The core of the big data system for the Chinese medicine industry set up in this paper lies in modeling, emphasizing the cause-and-effect relationships between the various layers and logically connecting the data processing results between the various processes as a way to improve the inductive, perceptual and oriented characteristics of data modeling. Specifically, the data is collected in iTCM’s algorithm library, and the best combination is matched according to the set standardized process, while the appropriate algorithm is selected from the model for extrapolation. The difference between the historical data and the existing data in the manufacturing process of TCM is obtained to reduce the error of the TCM process. Such models can also be subdivided into multiple dimensions, such as space, time, and transparency, to select suitable application scenarios for different quality requirements and substitute them, and perform regression analysis under the supervision of predictive modeling to find out the relationship between different variables through the calculation of samples, while making simple judgments on the attributes of variables, distinguishing them by whether they are continuous, reversible, and other conditions, so as to carry out the next step of model This can be used to fine-tune the model and improve the coupling between the model and the data. The statistical radar diagram of the data in the big data system of Chinese medicine industry applied in this paper is shown in Figure 6.
Current status and future directions of geoportals
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2020
Hao Jiang, John van Genderen, Paolo Mazzetti, Hyeongmo Koo, Min Chen
The data systems, where the geoportals connect, are leveraging different methods for coordination, in terms of federated coordination (top-down) and broker coordination (bottom-up). Both coordination solutions are able to connect distributed data servers and information systems, and to facilitate complex systems for solving big data storage, management, and assessment problems. The federated approach generally shows better performance, but it requires that participants agree on participating in the overall system by-law or their own interests. If this is not available, a brokered approach is the only one that can be adopted. In addition, the brokered approach is better, if the requirements cannot be fully defined allowing one to select the best federal agreement. Therefore, a hybrid data system architecture for a complex data system is recommended for meeting the challenges posed by big data. Geoportals should be based on different technologies ranging from adaption of web portal technologies (e.g. portlet-based) to extensions of geospatial data systems (e.g. geonetwork, CKAN). To better support scientific collaboration, geoportals should also keep pace with the next generation of service infrastructures (e.g. scientific geospatial infrastructure; Bernard et al. 2013). Geoportals should also play a role as the interface of so-called social spatial data infrastructure (Schweers et al. 2016). New system architectures (e.g. Linked data and Semantic Web) to establish a shared information space relying on URLs and Resource Description Framework (RDF) can also provide another solution for accessing geoportal data.