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Published in C.S. Krishnamoorthy, S. Rajeev, Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems for Artificial Intelligence Engineers, 2018
C.S. Krishnamoorthy, S. Rajeev
“A physical symbol system consists of a set of entities called symbols, which are physical patterns that can occur as components of another type of entity called an expression (or symbol structure). Thus, a symbol structure is composed of a number of instances or symbols related in some physical manner (such as one instance being next to another). At any instant of time the system will contain a collection of these symbol structures. Besides these structures, the system also contains a collection of processes that operate on expressions, creation, modification, reproduction and destruction. A physical symbol system is a machine that produces through time an evolving collection of symbol structures. Such a system exists in a world of objects wider than just these symbolic expressions themselves.”
Introduction
Published in Janet Finlay, Alan Dix, An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, 2020
In 1976 Newell and Simon proposed a hypothesis that has become the basis of research and experimentation in AI: the physical symbol system hypothesis (Newell & Simon 1976). The hypothesis states that A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligent action.
Sign use and cognition in automated scientific discovery: are computers only special kinds of signs?
Published in International Journal of General Systems, 2018
The famous physical symbol system hypothesis of Newell and Simon (1981) suffers, according to Fetzer, from similar ambiguity. The authors define it as a system that operates on symbols which are physical patterns that can be combined to create other entities, like symbol structures and processes that operate on expressions to produce other expressions: processes of creation, modification, reproduction and destruction: “A physical symbol system [therefore] is a machine that produces through time an evolving collection of symbol structures” (40).
AI-enabled Enterprise Information Systems for Manufacturing
Published in Enterprise Information Systems, 2022
Milan Zdravković, Hervé Panetto, Georg Weichhart
Cognitive architectures are also linked to physical realisation of the symbols that are manipulated (Allen Newell 1980). The idea of ‘Physical Symbol System’, is to create a system that is capable of having and manipulating symbols, which can also be physical.