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Introduction of Computer Networks
Published in Dijiang Huang, Ankur Chowdhary, Sandeep Pisharody, Software-Defined Networking and Security, 2018
Dijiang Huang, Ankur Chowdhary, Sandeep Pisharody
In Figure 1.3, an email service example is presented to highlight the use of these addresses. MAC addresses allow networking devices to directly communicate with their intermediate neighboring devices at the data link layer. IP addresses are used for end-to-end addressing and multi-hop routing on the Internet. And finally, port numbers are used to identify which application on a host is to handle a received data packet. Altogether, these three important addresses are used to allow an application to deliver a message between two remote hosts through a hop-by-hop data forwarding approach through interconnected networking devices. We must note that through the data forwarding path, both IP addresses and port numbers will remain the same unless a Network Address Translation (NAT) service is used in between, and the Media Access Control (MAC) addresses will be changed on every en route.
Networks on Chips: Energy-Efficient Design of SoC Interconnect
Published in Christian Piguet, Low-Power Processors and Systems on Chips, 2018
Luca Benini, Terry Tao Ye, Giovanni de Micheli
An effective way to deal with errors in communication is to packetize data. If data is sent on an unreliable channel in packets, error containment and recovery is easier, because the effect of errors is contained by packet boundaries, and error recovery can be carried out on a packet-by-packet basis. At the data link layer, error correction can be achieved by using standard error correcting codes (ECC) that add redundancy to the transferred information. Error correction can be complemented by several packet-based error detection and recovery protocols. Several parameters in these protocols (e.g., packet size and number of outstanding packets) can be adjusted depending on the goal to achieve maximum performance at a specified residual error probability and/or within given energy consumption bounds.
The Internet and TCP/IP
Published in Goff Hill, The Cable and Telecommunications Professionals' Reference, 2012
The data-link layer provides reliable transfer of information across a physical link, where a link is a direct physical connection between two network devices. (A connection between two users that passes through many intermediate nodes would involve many links.) It sends blocks of data (frames) with the necessary functionality: Synchronization, to ensure that the receiver can align successfully to bit and byte boundaries.Error control, to ensure that any lost packets due to errors are retransmitted.
Hybrid Optimization Assisted Green Power Allocation Model for QoS-Driven Energy-Efficiency in 5G Networks
Published in Cybernetics and Systems, 2023
Shriganesh Yadav, Sameer Nanivadekar
Let us symbolize the peak and average transmits power constraints denoted by and correspondingly (Cheng, Zhang, and Zhang 2016). The packets were separated to frame at the data-link layer and the physical layer, which is split into bit-streams. Accordingly, the channel power gain will never vary for a time frame with a predetermined length however, it varies separately across a diverse time frame. The frame time is supposed to be lesser than fading coherence duration. The Probability Density Function (PDF) for Nakagami- channel indicated by is formulated as in Eq. (1), where stand for the Gamma function, correspond to the fading constraint of Nakagami- distribution, point out the instant channel Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and point out average SNR at receiver.
TCN enhanced novel malicious traffic detection for IoT devices
Published in Connection Science, 2022
Liu Xin, Liu Ziang, Zhang Yingli, Zhang Wenqiang, Lv Dong, Zhou Qingguo
Ethernet Data Frame Header: At the data link layer, the data carrier is an Ethernet data frame. Ethernet has different versions of the protocol. We use Ethernet II here, which is defined in IEEE 802.3x (IEEE, n.d.). The address information can be used as the identity information of the data stream to be temporarily stored.IPv4 Packet Header: As the definition in RFC791 (Postel, 1981b), all fields are stored as feature information in this paper.TCP Header: We use the TCP protocol as the target protocol, which is defined in the RFC793 document (Postel, 1981a). “Flag,” “Window Size”, “Urgent Pointer,” and “Options” fields are temporarily stored as features, and “Source Port” and “Destination Port” are temporarily stored for identification.
Analysis of time delays in scheduled and unscheduled communication used in process automation
Published in Automatika, 2020
S. M. A. K. Azad, K. Srinivasan
Foundation Fieldbus (FF) is one of the leading communication protocol used for remote control in industrial process automation. FF is a digital and multi-drop communication that supports interoperability where FF devices are operated remotely. Transmitter or actuator with a control unit embedded in it is called a smart device, used to control the process remotely [26]. The FF communication protocol is similar to the OSI model with four layers out of which, data link layer (DLL) plays a vital role in accessing the data. The configuration of Foundation Fieldbus devices and their medium access satisfies IEC61158 standards. FF is a communication channel between the DeviceNet and Host system (Control System) for measuring the process value of multiple control loops connected in the network for a specified time slot [27]. The typical architecture of the communication network for FF is as shown in Figure 1.