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Server-Side Technologies
Published in Akshi Kumar, Web Technology, 2018
CGI, an open-source software, represents one of the earliest, practical methods for generating web content and is the most common way to cater these needs as it allows browsers to request the execution of server-resident software CGI as a part of the approach often called LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, Px—where the Px is Perl, PHP, or Python). CGI is primarily written in the Perl programming language. Though Perl is a mature, cross-platform language, it can be hard to understand. PHP is a cross-platform, open-source alternative with lots of built-in features. PHP has been dubbed “Perl killer” as it can do almost everything that Perl can, and it is usually quicker and easier. Unlike Perl, which usually runs as a CGI program invoked by the web server to handle each page request, PHP integrates with the web server to operate much more efficiently. This scripting language, released in 1995, has been considered a leading back-end development language for over 20 years for making scalable, dynamic web applications, such as e-commerce applications. More recently, Node.js, a platform built on Chrome’s V8 JavaScript, has emerged as a key player in server-side development for easily building fast, scalable, network applications like chat apps. Released in 2009, it is considered a popular platform that is defining the web’s future. The following sections are a primer to these two server-side competitors: PHP and Node.js.
The Presentation Tier
Published in David Austerberry, Digital Asset Management, 2012
The e-commerce sites use dynamic web-page generation for two reasons. One is to handle forms and the other is to serve dynamic content using prepared templates. The first dynamic sites used the common gateway interface (CGI) to the datastores. The CGI uses small application programs written in C, Perl, Python, Java, and Visual Basic. It soon became apparent that this was not a very efficient way to run this additional functionality. Each browser request for a CGI program spawned a new process. This adds considerable overhead to a busy server, eventually limiting the number of browsers that can be served concurrently.
HTML and Scripts
Published in Tom Hutchison, Paul Allen, Web Marketing for the Music Business, 2013
Common Gateway Interface (CGI) scripts are defined as script files executed on a web server in response to a user request. They are commonly used to process data sent when a form filled in by a user is sent back to the web server. A CGI program is executable, and is basically the equivalent of letting visitors run a program on your system. The most common form found on artist web sites is the email registration form that gathers email addresses from visitors so that they may be added to the mailing list. The “Tell a friend” form is another example of a GCI script.
Development of a Cyber-Physical framework for monitoring and teleoperation of a CNC lathe based on MTconnect and OPC protocols
Published in International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2018
Alberto José Álvares, Luiz Eduardo Santos de Oliveira, Joao Carlos Espindola Ferreira
This work proposes the planning and implementation of CyberDNC, a new framework for monitoring and teleoperation of CNC machine tools, having as a test and validation element a Romi CNC lathe Galaxy 15M, equipped with Fanuc 18i-Ta controller. The system architecture developed from this framework combines elements compliant with Industry 4.0, such as an MTConnect service for access to CNC data, OPC web service for interaction with the machine through PMC/PLC functions (Programmable Machine Control/Programmable Logic Controller). Also, remote command services via HTTP with CGI (Common Gateway Interface) scripts (Robinson 2004) and image monitoring through an Internet video streaming service are provided (Alvares and Ferreira 2006). Usually the systems reported in the literature are related only to the use of MTConnect, which is only for monitoring, not allowing teleoperation nor telemanufacturing.
Myths and imaginaries in architectural competitions
Published in Journal of Urban Design, 2023
Nastasi (2016) argues that photorealism is the mode of representation that dominates renderings, which means that they imitate photos rather than reality. Photorealistic renderings are easily read by non-professionalsbecause they look like movies, television, and photography, and are modelled representations most people are familiar with. Photorealism in architectural illustrations is a relatively new phenomenon and is only possible because of CGI technology; therefore, it has only been part of everyday architectural practice for the last 15 to 20 years. Both Stagni (2019) and Freeman (2013) argued that this also has effects on architectural photography, which is the mode of representation Evans argues to be the most common way of spreading architecture information. Photorealistic CGI rendering is the first major change to architectural representations since the invention of perspectival drawing. The architects quoted above have issues particular to this mode of representation. One senior architect volunteered that because he did not like renderings, they still worked much more with models internally. Also concerned over the use of digital representations, Freeman (2013) wrote that ‘in the digital age the graphic representation of architecture has moved beyond an exercise in persuasion; it has become an exercise in deception’. The deception works in two ways. First, by mimicking photographs, they use a visual language that used to be considered a true representation of something existing. Second, as with landscapes, the mode of production and the fact that these are produced are hidden, and the ideology of the image is naturalized.
Nitrocellulose-based collodion gate insulator for amorphous indium zinc gallium oxide thin-film transistors
Published in Journal of Information Display, 2018
Won-Gi Kim, Young Jun Tak, Hyun Jae Kim
Figure 5(a) shows the cross-sectional SEM image of a single-layered diluted CGI (1:1)/p+-Si. The measured thickness of a single-layered diluted CGI was about 900 nm. The capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristic of a single-layered diluted CGI was also measured. As shown in Figure 5(b), the capacitance of the single-layered diluted CGI (1:1) was determined to be 6 nF/cm2. Based on such cross-sectional SEM image and C–V characteristics, the relative dielectric constant of a single-layered diluted CGI (1:1) was determined to be about 6.57. Finally, the single-layered diluted CGI was applied as the gate insulator of a top-gate coplanar a-IGZO TFT. Figure 6 shows the transfer characteristics of an a-IGZO TFT with a single-layered diluted CGI. The electrical parameters of the a-IGZO TFT with a single-layered diluted CGI are summarized in Table 1. The a-IGZO TFT with a single-layered diluted CGI had high-field effect mobility (∼17.11 cm2/Vs). In addition, we measured the output curve and hysteresis of the a-IGZO TFT with a single-layered diluted CGI and show the electrical characteristics of field-effect mobility, and S.S shown with error bar in Figure S1. The output characteristics of all of the IGZO TFTs exhibited n-type transistor behavior at a drain-to-source voltage and are saturated in range of gate voltage. The clockwise hysteresis observed in Figure. S1(b) is compatible with the existence of electron trapping. Also, we measured positive bias stress (PBS), negative bias stress (NBS), and negative bias illumination stress (NBIS) of a-IGZO TFT with a single-layered diluted CGI, as shown in Figure S2. Under PBS, NBS, and NBIS conditions, threshold voltage (Vth) shifts of a-IGZO TFT with the single-layered diluted CGI (1:1) are 5.2 V, −3.86 V, and −5.6 V, respectively. Furthermore, we measured AFM images of a single-layered diluted CGI (1:1) at 3 krpm spin-coating speed and its RMS (root-mean-square) surface roughness in Figure S3. It was found that the RMS roughness value of that is 6.81 nm. From these results, it was confirmed that electrical polarization occurs in a single-layered diluted CGI, and as such, it can be used as a gate insulator for a-IGZO TFTs.