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Microprocessors
Published in Jerry C. Whitaker, Microelectronics, 2018
The next processor of note in the chronology was the 6800 in 1975. Although introduced by Motorola, MOS Technologies gained popularity through introducing its 650x series, principally, the 6502, which was used in early desktop computers (Commodores, Apples, and Ataris). The 6502 had very few registers and was principally an 8-b processor with a 16-b address bus. The Apple II, one of the first computers introduced to the mainstream consumer market, incorporated the 6502. Subsequent improvements in the Apple line of micros were downward compatible with the 6502 processor. The extension to the 6502 came in 1977 when Motorola introduced the 6809 with two 8-b accumulators, which could combine mathematics operations in a single 16-b combination. It had 59 instructions. Members of the 6800 family live on in embedded microcontrollers such as the 68HC05 and 68HC11. These microcontrollers are still popular for small control systems. The 68HC11 was extended to 16-b and named the 68HC16. Radiation hardened versions of the 68HC11 have been used in communications satellites.
The emergence of information technology: A state of practice report
Published in F.B.J. Barends, J. Lindenberg, H.J. Luger, L. de Quelerij, A. Verruijt, Geotechnical Engineering for Transportation Infrastructure, 2017
Computers small and inexpensive enough to be purchased by individuals for use in their homes first became feasible in the 1970s, when large-scale integration made it possible to construct a sufficiently powerful microprocessor on a single semiconductor chip. The personal computer industry began in 1977, when Apple Computer, introduced the Apple II, one of the first pre-assembled, mass-produced personal computers. Radio Shack and Commodore Business Machines also introduced personal computers that year. In 1981, IBM introduced the Personal Computer, or IBM PC. The IBM PC became the world’s most popular personal computer, and both its microprocessor, the Intel 8088, and its operating system, which was adapted from the Microsoft Corporation’s MS-DOS system, became industry standards.
Performance implications of knowledge inputs in inter-organisational new product development projects: the moderating roles of technology interdependence
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2022
Christoph G. Schmidt, Tingting Yan, Stephan M. Wagner, Lorenzo Lucianetti
Technology interdependence refers to the degree of interdependence among the product and process technologies to be developed (Sosa, Eppinger, and Rowles 2004; Tatikonda and Rosenthal 2000b). A Higher levels of technology interdependence indicates that design changes in one part of the development task, i.e. one product module, could affect activities in another part of the development task, i.e. design of another module or the manufacturing process of the same module (Tatikonda and Rosenthal 2000b). Thus, high technology interdependence reflects a more integral design, increasing the complexity of the development task. For example, personal computers originally were introduced as all-in-one packages, where components were tightly integrated with a high level of technological interdependence (such as Intel’s MCS-4, the Kenback-1, the Apple II or the commodore PET) (Schilling 2000). However, a high level of technological interdependence increases coordination challenges during the development process and limits flexibility in end configurations. Therefore, modern computers are designed in a more modular way to reduce interdependence among modules or different stages of the development process.
History of personal computers in Japan
Published in International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 2020
NEC's PC-8000 series personal computer was the first one that acquired a large share in the Japanese personal computer market (see Section 4.1). It had an 8-bit CPU and was a computer of the same class as Apple II, Commodore PET, and Tandy TRS-80. It should be noted that PC-8000 series was manufactured and sold by the NEC's semiconductor division, though NEC was a manufacturer of a mainframe computer. Its reason seems that the early 8-bit personal computer was considered as a toy for hobbyist from the computer department who was manufacturing a large computer for business use. However, as it became possible to use a 16-bit CPU, it turned out that personal computers are usable for business. IBM was aware of it and entered into this market in 1981. Under such circumstance, the section which was in charge of NEC's office computer developed and released the PC-9800 series personal computer in 1982, an upward compatible machine with PC-8000 series.
Fifty years in home computing, the digital computer and its private use(er)s
Published in International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 2020
The PET 2001 (by Commodore), the TRS-80 (by Radio Shack) and the MZ-80 by Sharp were the competitors of the Apple II in 1977. The four systems were sold in different price classes. The Apple II (a well-known anecdote from its constructor Steve Wozniak says) had been the realisation of a computer game system: Wozniak made the TTL board ‘Break-Out’ for Atari and wanted to implement the game into a very own computer system. For his ‘Break-Out’ computer he needed adequate hardware (with graphic and sound capabilities and controller connections) and a programming language. Both were invented ‘from scratch’: the Apple II and its ‘Game BASIC’.7 The running ‘Break-Out’8 game (Figure 4) was the proof-of-concept.