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Routing in Cognitive Vehicular Networks
Published in Anna Maria Vegni, Dharma P. Agrawal, Cognitive Vehicular Networks, 2018
Communication paradigm may be unicast, multicast, anycast, or broadcast. Unicast routing is from a single source to a single destination It is generally used in vehicle infotainment and Internet access. Most of the research is on unicast routing [5, 18, 19, 24]. Multicast routing originates from a single source to a number of destinations. This is generally used when an application need to send messages to multiple users [29–31]. In anycast routing, the aim is to reach any one of the nodes in a certain group [32]. The difference between multicast and anycast is that in multicast the message is routed to all of the nodes in the group, while in anycast it is sufficient if only one of the nodes in the group receive the message. Broadcast is used to send messages to all of the nodes in the vicinity.
Ip Addresses
Published in Giovanni Bartolomeo, Tatiana Kováčiková, Identification and Management of Distributed Data: NGN, Content-Centric Networks and the Web, 2016
Giovanni Bartolomeo, Tatiana Kováčiková
IPv6 also introduces the concept of anycast. Similar to multicast, in anycast many hosts share a single destination address, forming a group of potential receivers; however, contrary to multicast, packets are routed to a single member of the group. Anycast is used to implement load balancing and to increase service reliability. Originally IPv6 was mostly suited for connectionless protocol (UDP); however, implementations now exist that make it suitable for connection-oriented protocols such as TCP.
High-Performance Switch/Routers
Published in James Aweya, Designing Switch/Routers, 2023
An anycast address [RFC1546] [RFC2526] [RFC4291] is an IP address that is assigned to a particular group of interfaces, where each interface typically belongs to a different device (e.g., server, gateway, router, etc.) in the network. Any IP packet sent to this address is forwarded to the nearest/closest interface in the group, that is, the interface that lies on the lowest-cost route as defined by the routing metric of the routing protocol in use.
Social contact graph-based group communication schemes for delay tolerant networks
Published in International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 2021
Recently, there has been a growing interest in DTN group communication protocols such as multicast and anycast. Multicast enables the distribution of data to multiple receivers, such as real-time traffic information reporting, diffusion of participatory sensor data or popular content (news, software patch, etc.) over multiple devices. Anycast allows a node to send a message to any one member in a group of nodes. It can be used in emergency response networks to request the help of a doctor, a fireman, or a police without knowing their IDs or accurate locations. Anycast can also be used in urban community networks, in which people can use the network to call for any cab. Although many multicast and anycast routing protocols have been proposed in the Internet and MANETs, they cannot be easily applied to DTNs due to the lack of stable end-to-end paths to a destination group member in DTNs. Furthermore, in traditional DTN unicast routing, the destination of a message is fixed at the time of creation. By contrast, the destination can change dynamically in anycast routing according to the movement of nodes. As a result, anycast routing is a particularly challenging problem.
Countermeasures against large-scale reflection DDoS attacks using exploit IoT devices
Published in Automatika, 2021
Yong-joon Lee, Hwa-sung Chae, Keun-wang Lee
Unused protocols in actual services can be blocked in the ISP section when a large-scale attack occurs. The ISP can respond to the DDoS attack by null-routing the target IP address to prevent the network from being affected. To respond to DDoS attacks, the ISP simultaneously uses multiple ISP lines via the CDN service and distributes DDoS attacks using Anycast. Anycast maintains services using the networks that are functioning properly, even if one ISP or multiple networks fail. This distributed countermeasure is the best way to fight against attacks involving large volumes of traffic [33].