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The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and related agreements
Published in Mark Zacharias, Jeff Ardron, Marine Policy, 2019
The PCA plays an important role in dispute resolution under the LOSC. Part XV of the Convention sets out the options for dispute resolutions. However, should a state not express a preference for a particular means of dispute resolution or states disagree on what means to use, an arbitral tribunal (constituted under Annex VII of the LOSC) becomes the default means of dispute resolution. The majority of dispute resolutions to date have involved disputes over maritime boundaries; since the LOSC came into force in 1994, five of the six of the Annex VII dispute resolutions have been arbitrated under the PCA. They are as follows: Bangladesh v. India (marine boundary delineation), instituted in October 2009 and decided in 2016.Ireland v. United Kingdom (‘MOX Plant Case’ concerning radioactive contamination of the Irish Sea by the United Kingdom), instituted in November 2001 and terminated through a tribunal order issued on 6 June 2008.Guyana v. Suriname (marine boundary delineation), instituted in February 2004 and decided by a final award rendered on 17 September 2007.Barbados v. Trinidad and Tobago (marine boundary delineation), instituted in February 2004 and decided by a final award rendered on 11 April 2006.Malaysia v. Singapore (land reclamation activities by Singapore in the Straits of Johor), instituted in July 2003 and terminated by an award on agreed terms rendered on 1 September 2005.Bangladesh v. India (marine boundary delineation), instituted in October 2009 and decided by a final award rendered on 7 July 2014.Mauritius v. United Kingdom (marine protected area delineation around the Chagos Archipelago), instituted December 2010 and decided by final award on 18 March 2015.Croatia v. Slovenia (territorial and maritime dispute), instituted in November 2009 and decided by final award on 29 June 2017.Philippines v. China (marine boundary dispute), instituted January 2013 and decided by a final award on 12 July 2016.Denmark v. the European Union (dispute over herring fishery allocation), instituted August 2013 and decided by a final award on 23 September 2014.Timor-Leste v. Australia (arbitration under the Timor Sea Treaty), instituted 2013 and decided 2016.Source: www.pca-cpa.org
Aquaculture in coastal urbanized areas: A comparative review of the challenges posed by Harmful Algal Blooms
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Aurore Trottet, Christaline George, Guillaume Drillet, Federico M. Lauro
As majority of the urban infrastructure is expected to develop in Asia in the next few years (Teng, 2020), many nations in this region could accommodate to this growth by protecting food security with sustainable development of their aquaculture industry. This may become challenging for knowledge-based economies in Asia such as Singapore. Located in Southeast Asia, the city-state of Singapore is an island of 718.3 km2 bounded by the Straits of Johor in the north and the Straits of Singapore in the South and characterized by a very dense population of 5,791,901 inhabitants and intense port activities (Table 1, Figures 2 and 3) (Gin et al., 2006). With such dense population and limited space achieving self-production becomes a challenge (Teng, 2020). However, the advantage that Singapore has is the coastline which is being exploited to maximize the urban infrastructure and aquaculture production potential. With such rigorous coastal developments, increased nutrient discharges would inevitably increase the risks of HAB occurrences and therefore their associated negative impacts on the economy and food security objectives.