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Solids processing and disposal
Published in Rumana Riffat, Taqsim Husnain, Fundamentals of Wastewater Treatment and Engineering, 2022
The PFRPs defined by US EPA are listed in Appendix B of 40 CFR Part 503 (Federal Register, 2010; e-CFR, 2021). These are outlined below.Composting – maintain the temperature at 55°C or higher for 3 d for static aerated pile or in-vessel composting method. With windrow composting, maintain the temperature at 55°C or higher for 15 d or longer.Heat drying – at 80°C by direct or indirect contact with hot gases.Heat treatment – at 180°C or higher for 30 min.Thermophilic aerobic digestion – at 55–60°C with an SRT of 10 d.Beta ray irradiation – at 1.0 mega rad at room temperature.Gamma-ray irradiation – at 1.0 mega rad at room temperature.Pasteurization – at 70°C or higher for 30 min or longer.
A Logistics Analysis for Advancing Carbon and Nutrient Recovery from Organic Waste
Published in Subhas K. Sikdar, Frank Princiotta, Advances in Carbon Management Technologies, 2021
Edgar Martín-Hernández, Apoorva M. Sampat, Mariano Martin, Victor M. Zavala, Gerardo J. Ruiz-Mercado
Composting can be carried out by implementing three methods. Windrow composting consists of making large windrows of organic matter to enable natural biological decomposition. The piles should be turned periodically in order to expose the material to the air. However, the exposition of the waste to air leads to odor issues. A second method is to make a pile of organic matter over a structure where the air is forced or drawn to aerate the organic matter. To enhance the decomposition and improve odor control, the piles are usually covered. Finally, advanced compost systems run the decomposition in vessels where temperature, aeration, and moisture are controlled. However, the capital cost of these units is high and requires advanced management skills from the operators for its satisfactory performance.
Solid Waste Biotreatment
Published in Volodymyr Ivanov, Environmental Microbiology for Engineers, 2020
Windrow composting involves stacking the organic waste into piles for natural biodegradation without turning. Windrows are long, narrow, parallel rows with mixed organic waste to a height of one to two meters, which are periodically turned to provide aeration. Turning is provided more frequently at the beginning of composting when more oxygen is demanded for the biodegradation of organics. Due to turning, temperatures above 60–70°C cannot be reached in composted wastes. The mesophilic phase lasts in a static pile composting for a few days, the thermophilic phases last from a few days to several months, and the duration of cooling and maturation phase consists of several months. Composting in windrows lasts 50–80 days. Windrows are usually used for large volumes of wastes outdoors and require a lot of space. While windrow composting has low capital costs and produces good quality compost, the disadvantages include odor and leachate problems, the cost of turning, loss of ammonia, and the potential spreading of allergic fungi spores in the air during turning.
Co-composting with herbal wastes: Potential effects of essential oil residues on microbial pathogens during composting
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Babett Greff, Erika Lakatos, Jenő Szigeti, László Varga
The levels of both opportunistic and obligate pathogens are reduced during composting primarily through thermal inactivation if specific time and temperature criteria are met (Avery et al., 2012; Kaszab et al., 2011). Competitive and/or antagonistic interactions between microorganisms, nutrient depletion, byproduct toxicity (i.e. ammonia, sulfides, organic acids, and phenolic compounds), enzymatic breakdown, natural die-off (Avery et al., 2012; Wichuk, Tewari, & McCartney, 2011), heavy metal content (Chen, Kim, & Jiang, 2018), and the presence or release of antimicrobials are additional mechanisms and factors that may suppress pathogens (Erickson, Liao, Jiang, & Doyle, 2014; Pahren & Clark, 1987). In an aerobic system, temperature usually increases to 50–60 °C within a few days (Gajalakshmi & Abbasi, 2008). During windrow composting, the temperature of the composting material should be maintained at 55–65 °C for 1–2 weeks to achieve inactivation of pathogens and weed seeds (Ministry for Environment and Water, 2003).