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Bio-Optical Characteristics in Relation to Phytoplankton Composition and Productivity in a Twin Arctic Fjord Ecosystem during Summer
Published in Neloy Khare, Climate Change in the Arctic, 2022
Due to their sensitiveness to temperature, the Arctic fjords are considered as indicators of continuously warming global climate (Cohen et al. 2014). The warming climate is changing the Arctic oceanic ecosystems progressively to a more temperate condition (Vihtakari et al. 2018) which is popularly known as ‘Atlantification’. The Kongsfjorden (KG)-Krossfjorden (KR) ecosystem, positioned at the interface of Arctic and Atlantic oceanic regimes, experiences physicochemical and biological variations, and hence is an ideal fjord system for studying warming-induced changes in the Arctic (Bischof et al. 2019). These high Arctic fjords are influenced by the warm West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) carrying saline Atlantic water (AW) and the coastal current that brings in cold and less saline Arctic water (Vihtakari et al. 2018). An amplified inflow of warm AW displacing the cool Arctic water has resulted in accelerated melting of the tidewater glaciers that terminates straight into the sea (Walczowski et al. 2017). The glacial meltwater discharge normally begins in June and ends around September with a peak during (summer) July–August (Darlington 2015). The meltwater run-off ladened with sediments and large quantity of mineral particles forms a strong freshwater and turbidity gradient in the water column from inner to outer fjords (Svendsen et al. 2002). Concurrent intrusion of AW from the outer fjord and, fresh, turbid water run-off from the glacial end results in sharp horizontal gradients in the thermohaline as well as underwater light environment (reduced euphotic layer) along the fjords affecting the phytoplankton assemblages and growth conditions that serves as the basis of marine food-web dynamics (Piquet et al. 2014; Calleja et al. 2017; Hegseth et al. 2019).
Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report
Published in Journal of Operational Oceanography, 2018
Karina von Schuckmann, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Neville Smith, Ananda Pascual, Pierre Brasseur, Katja Fennel, Samy Djavidnia, Signe Aaboe, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Emmanuelle Autret, Lars Axell, Roland Aznar, Mario Benincasa, Abderahim Bentamy, Fredrik Boberg, Romain Bourdallé-Badie, Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli, Vittorio E. Brando, Clément Bricaud, Lars-Anders Breivik, Robert J.W. Brewin, Arthur Capet, Adrien Ceschin, Stefania Ciliberti, Gianpiero Cossarini, Marta de Alfonso, Alvaro de Pascual Collar, Jos de Kloe, Julie Deshayes, Charles Desportes, Marie Drévillon, Yann Drillet, Riccardo Droghei, Clotilde Dubois, Owen Embury, Hélène Etienne, Claudia Fratianni, Jesús García Lafuente, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Gilles Garric, Florent Gasparin, Riccardo Gerin, Simon Good, Jérome Gourrion, Marilaure Grégoire, Eric Greiner, Stéphanie Guinehut, Elodie Gutknecht, Fabrice Hernandez, Olga Hernandez, Jacob Høyer, Laura Jackson, Simon Jandt, Simon Josey, Mélanie Juza, John Kennedy, Zoi Kokkini, Gerasimos Korres, Mariliis Kõuts, Priidik Lagemaa, Thomas Lavergne, Bernard le Cann, Jean-François Legeais, Benedicte Lemieux-Dudon, Bruno Levier, Vidar Lien, Ilja Maljutenko, Fernando Manzano, Marta Marcos, Veselka Marinova, Simona Masina, Elena Mauri, Michael Mayer, Angelique Melet, Frédéric Mélin, Benoit Meyssignac, Maeva Monier, Malte Müller, Sandrine Mulet, Cristina Naranjo, Giulio Notarstefano, Aurélien Paulmier, Begoña Pérez Gomez, Irene Pérez Gonzalez, Elisaveta Peneva, Coralie Perruche, K. Andrew Peterson, Nadia Pinardi, Andrea Pisano, Silvia Pardo, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Roshin P. Raj, Urmas Raudsepp, Michaelis Ravdas, Rebecca Reid, Marie-Hélène Rio, Stefano Salon, Annette Samuelsen, Michela Sammartino, Simone Sammartino, Anne Britt Sandø, Rosalia Santoleri, Shubha Sathyendranath, Jun She, Simona Simoncelli, Cosimo Solidoro, Ad Stoffelen, Andrea Storto, Tanguy Szerkely, Susanne Tamm, Steffen Tietsche, Jonathan Tinker, Joaquín Tintore, Ana Trindade, Daphne van Zanten, Luc Vandenbulcke, Anton Verhoef, Nathalie Verbrugge, Lena Viktorsson, Karina von Schuckmann, Sarah L. Wakelin, Anna Zacharioudaki, Hao Zuo
In the Fram Strait, the model results indicate that the volume transport of Atlantic Water in 2016 was comparable to the previous years, except for a strong increase towards the end of the year (Figure 3.2.2(c)). However, in comparison to 2005–2010, the northward flow of Atlantic Water was lower in 2016. The averaged (1993–2016) modelled Atlantic Water volume transport northwards through the Fram Strait (0.9 Sv) is less than the observation-based estimates (3.0 Sv; 1997–2010; Beszczynska-Möller et al. 2012). The model data indicate an apparent shift in the flow regime of Atlantic Water in 2005, with a distinct increase as compared with previous years. This temporary increase in Atlantic Water transport may be explained by increased temperature in the West Spitsbergen Current during the period 2005–2010 (e.g. Walczowski et al. 2012), which caused a larger fraction of the water mass to be characterised as Atlantic Water (T > 2°C). This temperature and associated Atlantic Water volume and heat transport increase, has many impacts on the Eurasian Arctic, ranging from hydrography (e.g. Polyakov et al. 2012) to sea-ice conditions (e.g. Polyakov et al. 2017) and distribution of species (e.g. Fossheim et al. 2015), as well as the net carbon uptake at high latitudes (e.g. Smedsrud et al. 2013).