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Published in Debashis Mandal, Ursula Wermund, Lop Phavaphutanon, Regina Cronje, Temperate Fruits, 2021
Graciela María Colavita, Mariela Curetti, Dolores Raffo, María Cristina Sosa, Laura I. Vita
The systems used for precooling are forced-air cooling, which pushes air through the vents in storage containers, and hydro-cooling, which uses chilled water to remove pear fruit heat from the field. There are two main types of hydro-cooler: water shower and immersion. Water chlorination is important to prevent pathogen accumulation (El-Ramady et al., 2015).
Ballast Water Management: And Now, What to Do?
Published in C. Guedes Soares, T.A. Santos, Progress in Maritime Technology and Engineering, 2018
L. Guerrero, J. Pancorbo, J.A. Arias
In this case the water chlorination is produced through chemical process (Cl2, ClO2) or electrolysis. This system creates a oxidizing solution that destroys the cell walls of micro-organisms. This system is well established and used in municipal and industrial water disinfection applications.
Reactions With Disinfectants
Published in Richard A. Larson, Eric J. Weber, Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental Organic Chemistry, 2018
Richard A. Larson, Eric J. Weber
At millimolar levels of molecular chlorine, the reaction goes to 99% completion in a matter of a few seconds. Above pH 4.4, essentially no molecular chlorine remains in aqueous solution. Hypochlorous acid is a weak acid (pKa approximately 7.5) and thus, near neutrality, both the protonated form and the anion occur at appreciable levels. HCl-free solutions may be prepared by adding salts such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, commercially available as a stabilized 5.25% [0.7 M] solution as a fabric bleach). Either chlorine gas or hypochlorite solutions can be used in large-scale water chlorination applications. In addition to water treatment, chlorine is also used as a disinfectant for beef, pork, and poultry carcasses and also as a bleaching agent for paper pulp and cake flour (Wei et al., 1985). The disinfecting ability of aqueous chlorine is closely associated with its vigorous oxidant character: the redox potential for the reactions are 0.9 V and 1.49 V, respectively (Masschelein, 1979). () ClO−+2H2O + 2e-→Cl-+2OH- () HOCl+H++2e-→Cl-+H2O
Predicting health risk from exposure to trihalomethanes in an Olympic-size indoor swimming pool among elite swimmers and coaches
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Pedro Gouveia, Fátima Felgueiras, Zenaida Mourão, Eduardo De Oliveira Fernandes, André Moreira, Marta Fonseca Gabriel
Recreational swimming and water aerobics are often recommended by physicians, as a means of increasing physical activity and improving lung function (Font-Ribera et al. 2011; Valeriani et al. 2017). However, in order to ensure that the health benefits are promoted without any collateral adverse health risks for individuals, it is important to ensure that this activity occurs in safe and healthy environments. Bearing this in mind, public health departments play an important role in overseeing that adequate water disinfection practices are implemented in swimming pools to prevent microbial proliferation that might lead to serious infectious diseases (Doménech-Sánchez, Olea, and Berrocal 2008). There is a large array of commercially available options for this purpose including chlorination, bromination, ozonization, ultraviolet (UV) radiation and electrochemically generated mixed oxidants (Teo, Coleman, and Khan 2015). Among those options, approaches using chlorine-based products have been typically preferred due to their effectiveness and lower overall relative cost. However, as consequence of water chlorination processes, chlorine readily reacts with natural organic matter such as sweat, urine, skin particles, hairs, cosmetics and microorganisms which are introduced into the water predominantly through bathers, resulting in formation of potentially harmful disinfection by-products (DBP) (Manasfi, Coulomb, and Boudenne 2017; Weisel et al. 2009).
Water quality comparison between a supply network and household reservoirs in one of the oldest cities in Brazil
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2019
Luiz Gustavo de Paiva Nunes, Maysa do Vale Oliveira, Anelise Andrade de Souza, Lohanna de Faria Lopes, Pollyanna Castro e Silva Dias, Guilherme Bicalho Nogueira, Marco Antônio Andrade de Souza
In addition to improving the quality of stored water, chlorination brings health benefits to the population that consumes it. In studies conducted in Bolivia and Bangladesh, where he divided the sample into control and intervention groups, with the latter receiving chlorination in the water stored in houses, Sobsey et al. (2003) observed that, in Bangladesh, the incidence rate of diarrhea in children younger than 5 years old was significantly lower in the intervention group (20.8 episodes/1000 days) than in the control group (24.3 episodes/1000 days). In Bolivia, the average number of cases of diarrhea per person, taking into account all age groups, was once again significantly lower (p = 0.002) for this group. Thus, families in the control group were twice as likely to get diarrhea when compared to the intervention group, which had about 43% of cases of diarrhea prevented by water chlorination.