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Water Resource and Irrigation Command
Published in A. Zaman, Md. Hedayetullah, Sustainable Water Resource Development and Management, 2022
Shallow tube well is quite popular and it consists of a borehole built into the ground with the purpose of tapping groundwater from porous zones. Due to the sedimentary formations, the depth of a shallow tube well does not exceed about 60–70 m. These tube wells are either cavity tube wells or strainer tube wells. These are usually mechanically drilled by percussion. Method using hand boring sets and sometimes percussion rigs depends upon the expert developed the tube wells locally. The success and popularity of the scheme depend on how cheap they are and their availability in the locality. Indigenous structures like coconut rope formed by binding coir strings over an iron frame are being used as a strainer and somewhere it is iron net or structure. In shallow water table areas, bamboo frames are also used for easy and cheap cost. Sometimes, steel casing pipes are replaced by pipes constructed by rapping bituminized gunny bags over the bamboo frame for durability. These are called bore wells in which the borehole is stable without a lining in the bottom portion and a tube is inserted only in the upper zone because it browses the water layer. The tube wells are generally operated for 6–8 h during the irrigation season and give a yield of 100–300 m3/day, which is roughly two to three times that of a dug well, and ultimately the efficiency is quite more.
Analysis of Groundwater Level: Groundwater Modeling Using GIS in Kolkata
Published in Vinod Kumar Tripathi, Megh R. Goyal, Field Practices for Wastewater Use in Agriculture, 2021
Due to the huge upliftment of groundwater, its profile in the central part of Kolkata city has now changed into a bowl-like feature. The field visits indicate the good scope of rainwater harvesting in the KMC area. The analysis indicated 237,000 m3 utilization of rainwater. Due to the lowering of groundwater in the KMC area, groundwater has been totally depleted. To eradicate this problem, the municipal authority has linked all areas with the piped water supply. Regular monitoring of groundwater both in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods was initiated to observe the trend of the piezometric surface, because unscientific withdrawal of groundwater by tube-wells in the arsenic prone areas. Proper monitoring of the tube-wells will prevent or reduce the pollution of groundwater. The maps from this study will be helpful in the future study to take suggestive measures for the development and management of water supply in Kolkata city.
Ceramic Membrane Based Community Model Plants for Arsenic Decontamination from Ground Water and Quality Drinking Water Supply
Published in Sundergopal Sridhar, Membrane Technology, 2018
Sibdas Bandyopadhyay, Mainak Majumder
Arsenic occurs in mineral ore deposits, soil and water. The presence of inorganic arsenic compounds has an adverse effect on living systems, including human beings, flora and fauna and animal life. On the other hand, organic forms of arsenic are primarily used in making insecticides and weed killers. Increasing health risks related to arsenic presence in ground water has led to the development of innovative treatment techniques for the production of potable water. A long-term option is possible through construction of deep tube wells with depth of 200 meters for drawing water from aquifers. The tapped aquifer is underneath a thick clay barrier where there is less possibility of arsenic contamination. However, unconfined aquifers are not found to be advantageous, despite construction of proper tube wells. Therefore, treatment of arsenic contaminated ground water seems to be an essential need in absence of any alternate source of drinking water.
Integrated geophysical technique for groundwater salinity delineation, an approach to agriculture sustainability for Nankana Sahib Area, Pakistan
Published in Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2022
Syed Hassan Iqbal Ahmad Shah, Yan Jianguo, Zahid Jahangir, Aqil Tariq, Bilal Aslam
The findings from the VES and EC show resemblance to each other in the study area. Through the help of interpolated maps, the study area has been divided into three major vicinities using the EC, VES, and IEC results. The SE and central areas are marked as the fresh groundwater zone having the maximum thickness aquifers. The NE area is marked as a brackish groundwater zone, while the NW part is marked as the saline water zone. The SW part contains less saline water while the salinity increases, moving towards the northwestern. The northwestern part of the study area is interpreted to be highly saline, and so no tube wells or dug wells are recommended in that area. On the NE side, between the depths of 30 and 60 m, tube wells can be installed, while in the central and SE areas an average depth for installing tube well should be between 60 and 90 m. The VES and EC techniques are the most common and economic ones to apply in the field and get approximately accurate results. The current study will act as a guide for farmers of the selected area for the installation of tube wells. Moreover, this study is also applicable for similar areas of Punjab, Pakistan, having salinity issues reportedly in the groundwater. However, better accuracy can be achieved through the comparison of the VES results with borehole data. An extensive borehole study in the area is highly recommended to further explore the subsurface lithology and provide comparable results to the VES and EC data.
Comparative analysis of hybridized solutions to water resources management in Burkina Faso, India and Peru
Published in International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2021
Mark Everard, Raul Loayza Muro, Lisa Bunclark, Rossi Taboada
Governance systems in India are nested, reflecting the sheer physical size and the geographical and cultural heterogeneity of the country, particularly as instituted under the panchayat raj system (Hardgrave & Kochanek, 2008). Top-down legislation and decision making at national and state levels delivered at the level of development blocks and enforced by district collectors links with community-based bottom-up governance arrangements from village-scale gram panchayats and gram sabha through gila panchayats at the development block level, supported by a variety of NGOs at national down to local levels. Communities in the arid Thar Desert and SALs of the state of Rajasthan have innovated a variety of NBSs, backed up by community-based governance, enabling them to thrive throughout a 4500-year history (Sharma, Everard, & Pandey, 2018). However, India’s water management strategy in much of the latter half of the twentieth century followed a familiar pathway of increasing uptake of and dependence on technocentric, large-scale and energized water infrastructure, including appropriation of water resource ownership by the state and exploitation by politically powerful users. This kind of centralization of policy, water ownership and technology is as much a political strategy of nation-building and supremacy over water scarcity and other natural limitations as a solution addressing the needs of all in society (Molle, Mollinga, & Wester, 2009; Reisner, 1986; Swyngedouw, 2007; Wittfogel, 1957; Worster, 1985). In a rural setting, the pervasiveness of tube wells has compounded this situation, cumulatively depleting water resources, accessing geologically contaminated and potentially non-renewable groundwater, breaking down community collaboration and contributing to a cycle of socio-ecological breakdown (Chinnasamy & Agoramoorthy, 2016).