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Tsunami
Published in Ömer Aydan, Earthquake Science and Engineering, 2023
Tsunamis may sometimes cause tremendous damage as observed during the 2004 Aceh earthquake and the GEJE and other major tsunami events in the past. Any tsunami warning system would involve the estimation of the hypocenter, magnitude of earthquake, faulting mechanism and seabed deformation. As stated previously, normal or thrust faulting may cause tsunami depending upon the amount of uplift or subsidence and seabed topography. Except closed basins and lakes, strike-slip faults do not generate tsunami unless they result in submarine landslide as often observed in the earthquakes of Marmara Sea in Turkey (Aydan et al. 1999b, 2008b). Before discussion, tsunami height must be defined. Figure 9.66 illustrates some definitions. The parameters shown in Figure 9.68 may be defined as
Enhancing Smart Grid Resiliency
Published in Clark W. Gellings, Smart Grid Planning and Implementation, 2020
Actions to protect power plants and substations from tsunamis can include belts of trees and mangroves to provide barriers to wave “runup;” offshore location of cooling water intake structures; use of design principles that inhibit the scouring or erosion created by waves, and prevent damage from the debris left behind.
Coastal Environments
Published in Yeqiao Wang, Coastal and Marine Environments, 2020
Tsunami[18] is a series of traveling ocean waves of extremely long length generated by disturbances associated primarily with earthquakes occurring below or near the ocean floor. In the deep ocean, their length from wave crest to wave crest may be a hundred miles or more but with a wave height of only a few feet or less. They cannot be felt aboard ships nor can they be seen from the air in the open ocean. In deep water, the waves may reach speeds exceeding 500 miles per hour. Large tsunamis have been known to rise over 100 feet, while tsunamis 10–20 feet high can be very destructive and cause many deaths and injuries.
Tsunami force estimation for beachfront traditional buildings with elevated floor slab in Malaysia
Published in Coastal Engineering Journal, 2019
Wei Chek Moon, Chung Leong Law, Kok Kei Liew, Foo Siong Koon, Tze Liang Lau
Tsunamis are destructive waves caused by large-scale ocean disturbances such as earthquakes, landslides or volcanic eruptions (Satake and Atwater 2007), which comprise a series of long waves with wavelength of up to several hundred kilometers and flow velocities of several hundred to a thousand kilometers per hour. Since 2004, major tsunamis have struck the coastline around the Pacific Rim. Such tsunami occurrences have left devastating impacts in terms of losses of millions of people’s lives and damage to coastal structures. Understanding tsunami forces is important in designing a tsunami-resistant structure. Current guidelines for designing tsunami-resistant structures categorize the components of forces independently for simplicity (Dames and Moore 1980; CCH 2000; ICC 2009; FEMA P646 2008). As also mentioned by Yeh (2007) and Lukkunaprasit, Thanasisathit, and Yeh (2009), common tsunami loads considered in the existing guidelines include hydrostatic, buoyant, hydrodynamic, surge, debris impact and wave-breaking forces. The wave height and flow velocity of a tsunami that strikes structures may vary with time due to the complexity associated with real situations. Thus, experimental studies have been conducted to fill this lacking part in tsunami load evaluation.
Numerical modelling of tsunami in the Makran Subduction Zone – A case study on the 1945 event
Published in Journal of Operational Oceanography, 2019
A tsunami (also known as a seismic sea wave) is a series of water waves (similar to shallow water waves) in a water body caused by the abrupt displacement of a large volume of water initially resembling a rapidly rising tide. A tsunami can be generated by underwater earthquakes, landslides, fault breaks (ruptures), volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (such as the detonation of nuclear devices), glacier calving, impact of objects from outer space (such as meteorites, asteroids, comets) and other disturbances in water. Ninety percent or more of historical tsunamis in the world have been generated by earthquakes in the sea and coastal regions. Generally larger and shallower hypocentre earthquakes cause larger tsunamis (PIANC 2010).
Countermeasures for breakwater foundation subjected to foreshocks and main shock of earthquake loading
Published in Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2018
Babloo Chaudhary, Hemanta Hazarika, Siavash Manafi Khajeh Pasha
Breakwaters are built to protect harbors and seacoasts from devastating effects of sea waves, currents, and tsunamis. The safe performance of breakwater is very important for safety of structures and population living near to coastlines. However, the extent of damage of breakwaters during past earthquakes and tsunamis exposed vulnerabilities of conventional breakwaters and raised the importance of developing earthquake and tsunami-resistant breakwater. Countermeasures against compound disasters brought by earthquake and tsunami are essential for construction of earthquake and tsunami-resistant breakwaters, which can reduce damage in the future.