China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and the Earth’S Carbon Balance
Published in Kojima Toshinori, Harrison Brian, The Carbon Dioxide Problem, 2019
Kojima Toshinori, Harrison Brian
Next let us consider the case of ozone. The ozone considered here is tropospheric ozone which exists close to the earth’s surface and which (due to its short lifetime) is different from the stratospheric ozone that is being depleted by the release of freons. Certainly the problem related to stratospheric ozone levels (and in particular the creation of an ozone hole near the south pole) is extremely serious; on the other hand, from the point of view of global warming, ozone is a greenhouse gas which absorbs infra-red rays at wavelengths outside the range absorbed by carbon dioxide. Tropospheric ozone is produced from nitrogen oxides as the result of a photochemical reaction, and therefore the first countermeasures that come to mind are those techniques used to reduce the emissions of NOx. Photochemical reactions also involve gaseous hydrocarbons such as methane, carbon monoxide (CO) and other gases present in minute quantities. In the future there are many points which must be investigated and clarified in relation to the mechanisms underlying ozone formation; the measurement of ozone concentrations at widespread locations; the estimation of its future concentrations; and the evaluation of the contribution of ozone to global warming.
Data Merging for Creating Long-Term Coherent Multisensor Total Ozone Record
Published in Ni-Bin Chang, Kaixu Bai, Multisensor Data Fusion and Machine Learning for Environmental Remote Sensing, 2018
In Earth system science, ozone in the atmosphere can be routinely divided into two typical groups simply by considering their locations residing in the atmosphere. Specifically, these groups are: stratospheric ozone residing in the upper atmosphere (i.e., stratosphere) and tropospheric ozone residing in the lower atmosphere (troposphere) (Figure 15.1). As the second major layer of the Earth's atmosphere, the stratosphere resides above the troposphere while being below the mesosphere, with a varying vertical height at different latitudes. Investigations indicate that the tropospheric ozone poses adverse impacts on living beings on Earth by affecting human health, natural vegetation growth, crop yield, and so on, whereas the stratospheric ozone enables to protect life on Earth by absorbing the harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun. When stratospheric ozone absorbs high frequency radiation, such as the UV light, it often involves a photochemical reaction process, which affects and modifies the background chemistry and energy budget of the stratosphere, in turn resulting in variations of atmospheric dynamics (McPeters et al., 2013).
3])
Published in Leo M. L. Nollet, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou, Chromatographic Analysis of the Environment, 2017
Carolina Santamaría, David Elustondo, Esther Lasheras, Jesús Miguel Santamaría
Ozone is a naturally occurring chemical that can be found in both the stratosphere (the so-called ozone layer, 10–40 km above the earth) and the troposphere (the ground-level layer, 0–10 km above the earth). Tropospheric ozone is not emitted directly into the air but is created by chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides (NOx) and VOCs in the presence of sunlight (Finlayson-Pitts and Pitts, 1993). While in the stratosphere ozone protects us from the damaging UV radiation, in the troposphere, due to its extremely high oxidizing power, ozone can promote a variety of health problems (Madronich et al., 2015), also having harmful effects on sensitive vegetation and ecosystems (Cape, 2008).
Effect of Elevated Tropospheric Ozone on Vigna Mungo L. Varieties
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2022
Periyasamy Dhevagi, Ambikapathi Ramya, Sengottiyan Priyatharshini, Ramesh Poornima
A sudden reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) has been observed by many researchers during COVID-19 lockdowns across various regions of the world (Donzelli et al. 2021). In comparison with the pollutants concentration during pandemic lockdown year (2020) with respect to previous years, PM10, PM2.5, NO, NO2, and SO2 concentrations were decreased with modest changes. Conversely, due to the significant reduction in NO levels during the lockdown period, ozone concentration increased in various parts of the world (Donzelli et al. 2021). According to Brancher (2021), the observation from January to September 2020 showed slight increase in ozone concentration by 4.3% over Vienna. Moreover, the daily average ozone concentration significantly increased during the lockdown year (2020) by 2.4% in Valencia, 14% in Rome, 24% in Nice, 27% in Turin, and 36% in Wuhan (Sicard et al. 2020). Correspondingly, in India, Sharma et al. (2020) reported a rise in ozone concentration by 17% during lockdown year. The ozone level increased from 26 to 56.4 ppb during pre-lockdown (1 February–23 March 2020) and lockdown period (24 March–30 April 2020), respectively in Hyderabad City, India (Allu et al. 2021). Bera et al. (2021) recorded an increase of ozone by 4.14% in New Delhi, 3.58% in Mumbai, 2.28% in Kolkata, and 1.26% in Chennai during lockdown (April 2020) compared to prelockdown (April 2019) year. Increase in tropospheric ozone severely affects the human health and vegetation due to its higher oxidation potential.
Awareness of Polish physicians regarding the impact of air pollution on health
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Intensive research conducted in the last 20–30 years resulted in recognition of the serious health effects of air pollutants.1–3 Exposure to high levels of air pollution is associated with a broad spectrum of acute and chronic diseases, primarily respiratory and cardiovascular.4–6 Fine particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), along with nitrogen oxides and ozone, are the most common atmospheric pollutants affecting health in concentrations commonly found in human environments.7,8 The most salient evidence relates to the health effects of fine particulate matter.9,10 It increases morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.11,12 Short- and long-term exposure to air pollution containing NO2 in concentrations close to, or lower than, current norms is associated with increased mortality and more frequent hospital admissions.13 Tropospheric ozone, the main component of “photochemical smog”, causes development and exacerbation of respiratory diseases.14
Hybrid deep learning model for ozone concentration prediction: comprehensive evaluation and comparison with various machine and deep learning algorithms
Published in Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2021
Ayman Yafouz, Ali Najah Ahmed, Nur’atiah Zaini, Mohsen Sherif, Ahmed Sefelnasr, Ahmed El-Shafie
Ground-level O3 is one of the essential gases of greenhouse and air pollutants and has deleterious effects on both people's health and climate change. Epidemiological studies have found that ground-level ozone is associated with adverse effects on human health (Liu et al., 2020a). Recently, enormous efforts have been created to minimize tropospheric ozone concentrations through the act of rigorous emission measures to control O3 precursors (VOCs and NOx)(Cheng et al., 2019). On the other hand, intense ozone pollution incidence repeatedly occurs in urban areas, especially in developing countries such as Malaysia (Su et al., 2017). Consequently, the highest medium of ozone concentration shall surpass pre-set thresholds (Gradisar et al., 2016). In line with the ozone concentration forecasting at monitoring station (Awang et al., 2015), anticipating the regional ozone concentration proposes greater spatial resolution as well as straightway influences the ozone's spatial distribution change, that helps to the ozone's emission reduction and pollution control. Furthermore, implementing precise regional predictions for ozone concentration is highly important for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and public health protection.