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Petroleum Geological Survey
Published in Muhammad Abdul Quddus, Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
A plate tectonic is a massive irregular-shaped block of solid earth lithosphere comprising land and ocean earth crust. It is also called a lithospheric plate. A tectonic plate is of various sizes, from a few hundred to thousands of kilometers across. The earth’s crust is made up of eight major and eight to ten minor tectonic plates. Tectonic describes the motion and movements of these plates, and it is related to the underground geological forces that bring about changes in the earth’s crust. The plate tectonics theory explains how the plates move across the earth’s surface and how the crust is being destroyed and created. The word tectonics means a ‘builder’. The place where two plates meet is known as a plate boundary.
Earth Systems and Cycles
Published in Dexter Perkins, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, Lance D. Yarbrough, Earth Materials, 2019
Dexter Perkins, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, Lance D. Yarbrough
The term tectonics refers to any significant and large-scale processes that change the structures of Earth’s crust. Plate tectonics refers to those processes resulting from interactions between slabs of Earth’s crust and mantle called lithospheric plates. Plate tectonics is the most significant recycling system on our planet and the main driving force for the rock cycle and many other important geochemical cycles.
Geo-Base Isolation with geogrid reinforcement for buildings
Published in Rashid Mangushev, Askar Zhussupbekov, Yoshinori Iwasaki, Igor Sakharov, Geotechnics Fundamentals and Applications in Construction: New Materials, Structures, Technologies and Calculations, 2019
A. Boominathan, S. Banerjee, J.S. Dhanya
Earthquakes and its aftershocks caused by tectonic movements in the earth’s crust can cause catastrophic damages to mankind concerning life and property. Earthquake damages to the structures can be minimised by incorporating engineering interventions that could improve the flexibility of building. Building codes have been introduced with an emphasis on safety to prevent building collapse in case of a seismic event. In recent years base isolation techniques and energy dissipating mechanisms have proved useful for improving the earthquake protection of structures. Unlike conventional systems which focus on enhancing the strength and ductility demands of the structure, seismic isolation systems focus on reducing the intensity of earthquake waves reaching the structure through altering the stiffness and damping within the structure. Ideally, base isolation systems partially decouple the superstructure from its foundation thereby reducing the intensity of seismic waves reaching the superstructure. Introducing base isolation techniques like elastomeric bearing systems, laminated rubber bearing systems, and friction pendulum systems can reduce the intensity of earthquake waves reaching the building to a great extent.
On propagation behavior of SH-wave and Rayleigh-type wave in an initially stressed exponentially graded fiber-reinforced viscoelastic layered structure
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2021
Shalini Saha, Abhishek Kumar Singh, Amares Chattopadhyay
Earthquake occurs due to a sudden violent shaking and vibration of the Earth's surface which generally results from the movements of tectonic plates, volcanic activity or sudden release of stored energy in the Earth's lithosphere i.e. underground explosions leading to the generation of seismic waves. Body waves and surface waves are the two basic seismic waves. P-waves and S-waves together constitute body waves as they travel in the interior of Earth. There are mainly two types of surface wave, viz., Love waves, named after Love [1], and Rayleigh waves which were predicted by Rayleigh [2]. Although the surface waves travel near the surface of Earth with slower velocity than body waves but they possess large amplitude and, therefore, considered to be of most destructive kind. The study of seismic waves imparts a comprehensive idea about the internal structure of the Earth and help seismologists and geophysicists to sketch the model of its interior. The analysis of the surface waves propagation in various layered structure also contributes in predicting and understanding the cause and damages resulted due to the Earthquake. Moreover, such studies help in the detection and understanding of fault plane. Therefore, it is desirable to undertake the study on behavior of surface waves propagating in various layered media.
Moon-based Earth observation: scientific concept and potential applications
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2018
Huadong Guo, Guang Liu, Yixing Ding
Solid Earth tides, continental plate movement and glacier isostatic adjustment (GIA) are three typical large-scale solid Earth movements (Jiang et al. 2016), the measurement of which is a basic task of geodesy. For a uniform layered Earth, accurately predicting tidal movement can be done theoretically, but complex ocean tides and the inelasticity and heterogeneity of Earth’s interior material make the solid tide of the real Earth difficult to research theoretically. For GIA studies, prior knowledge about ancient ice cover evolution and a large amount of observational data are needed. Plate tectonics theory is a quantitative description of Earth plate movement (Ni et al. 2016). It may well explain the movement of most oceanic plates, but still have some problems to explain the mechanism of strong continental earthquakes, large-scale continental deformation, as well as the movements of other oceanic plates (Bird 2003).
Tsunami hazard analysis for Chinese coast from potential earthquakes in the western North Pacific
Published in Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2020
Jingming Hou, Ye Yuan, Tao Li, Zhiyuan Ren
In the western North Pacific region, there are several important seismic faults (Figure 3) in addition to the Japan Trench where the Japan tsunami occurred in 2011. The western North Pacific is tectonically one of the most active regions on the Earth. The structure and tectonics of this area are affected by the interaction of six plates: the Eurasian plate, Indian plate, Amur plate, Okhotsk plate, Pacific plate, and Philippine Sea plate (Zhao and Tian 2013). This paper analysed six major seismic faults, including the Japan Trench, Nankai Trough, Ryukyu Trench, Manila Trench, Philippine Trench, and the Mariana Trench (Hsu et al. 2012; 2013).