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The Nature, Sources, and Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
For regulatory and remediation purposes, a standard test is used to measure the likelihood of toxic substances getting into the environment and causing harm to organisms. The US EPA specifies a test called the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) designed to determine the toxicity hazard of wastes.3 The test was designed to estimate the availability to organisms of both inorganic and organic species in hazardous materials present as liquids, solids, or multiple phase mixtures and does not test for the direct toxic effects of wastes. Basically, the procedure consists of leaching a material with a solvent designed to mimic leachate generated in a municipal waste disposal site, followed by chemical analysis of the leachate for specific toxic substances.
Laws, Regulations, and Risk Assessment Relevant to Site Assessment and Remediation
Published in Cristiane Q. Surbeck, Jeff Kuo, Site Assessment and Remediation for Environmental Engineers, 2021
Cristiane Q. Surbeck, Jeff Kuo
To evaluate whether a specific waste is likely to leach toxic chemicals into groundwater, a lab procedure known as the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) (SW-846 Test Method 1311) is conducted. During the TCLP procedure, the waste sample is extracted with an extraction fluid for 48–72 hours. At the completion of the extraction, the extract will be analyzed if it contains any of 40 different toxic chemicals exceeding the specified regulatory levels (see Table 3.1). If the extract contains a concentration exceeding its corresponding limit, the waste exhibits the toxicity characteristic (TC) and carries the waste code associated with that compound or element. It is considered as a “toxicity characteristic” hazardous waste.
Toxic Substances and Hazardous Wastes
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Kathern Welsh, Safe Work Practices for Wastewater Treatment Plants, 2018
Frank R. Spellman, Kathern Welsh
Toxic effects that may occur to humans, fish, or wildlife are the principal concerns here. Toxicity, until 1990, was tested using a standardized laboratory test called the extraction procedure, or EP toxicity test. The EP toxicity test was replaced in 1990 by the toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP), because the EP toxicity test failed to adequately simulate the flow of toxic contaminants to drinking water. The TCLP is designed to identify wastes likely to leach hazardous concentrations of particular toxic constituents into the surrounding soils or groundwater as a result of improper management. The TCLP extracts constituents from the tested waste in a manner designed to simulate leaching actions that occur in landfills. The extract is then analyzed to determine if it possesses any of the toxic constituents listed in Table 19.1. If the concentrations of the toxic constituents exceed the levels listed in the table, the waste is classified as hazardous.
Effect of bacteria on strength properties and toxicity of incinerated biomedical waste ash concrete
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Harsimranpreet Kaur, Rafat Siddique, Anita Rajor
The United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (U.S. EPA) method 1311, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) is a test that simulates the landfill conditions. In this method, leachate is generated from the material which is to categorise hazardous or non-hazardous under extreme conditions. According to the procedure given by the U.S. EPA, powder or crushed sample collected from the core of concrete cube (<1 cm) was allowed to leach out in a buffer solution of acetic acid and sodium hydroxide (pH 4.94 ± 0.05), and the solid-to-liquid ratio was kept 1:20. The prepared solution was kept in an incubation shaker at 25 ± 2°C for 18 h. The supernatant was filtered and collected in 10 ml ampules. This leachate was then analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (IC-PMS).
Initiatives to reduce lead from electronic devices: evidence of success from the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2019
Vicharana Intrakamhaeng, Kyle A. Clavier, Timothy G. Townsend
US federal regulations that do have a major effect on how E-waste is managed are those in place for hazardous waste management under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Under the RCRA rules, any solid waste not otherwise exempted by definition will be considered hazardous waste if the leachate from the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) exceeds specified toxicity characteristic (TC) limits. Previous research found that cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and an array of other devices often “fail” the TCLP for the element lead (Jang and Townsend 2003; Kang, Chen, and Ogunseitan 2013; Lim et al. 2010, 2012; Lincoln et al. 2007; Musson et al. 2006; Townsend 2004, 2011; Yoshida et al. 2016). This observation prompted many state and local governments to ban or limit E-waste from landfill disposal (Townsend 2011), and the hazardous waste status of E-waste has often been referenced as motivation in public advertising campaigns or government policy initiatives (Kumar, Teichman, and Timpernagel 2012; USEPA 1999, 2013a).
Cement-Organobentonite Admixtures for Stabilization/Solidification of PAH-Contaminated Soil: A Laboratory Study
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2019
Mohammad Ghavami, Daryoush Yousefi Kebria, Sadra Javadi, Omid Ghasemi-Fare
The effectiveness performance of stabilized and solidified contaminated soil was measured in terms of leaching. Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test method have been extensively used by many environmental agencies (e.g. EPA) to study if a contaminated soil is still hazardous or not (Paria and Yuet, 2006). TCLP is mainly employed to determine the potential of leaching of contaminated soils or waste materials. Leaching test was performed based on the TCLP, method 1311 of USEPA (USEPA, 2011). After the curing, the S/S samples were crushed and passed through a 9.5 mm sieve; to simulate a long-term effect of S/S contaminated soil that may break into small particles because of overburden pressure. Acetic solution was then mixed with the S/S crushed particles. The pH of the acid was 2.88 and the liquid to solid ratio was 20:1 Volume: Volume (Figure 3). For the first scenario, the pure acetone was also used to examine the effect of cosolvent in the leaching test. Then the suspension was agitated in a conical glass tube with a mechanical shaker for 18 h. The solution was filtered through 0.2 μm syringe filters, and extracted by hexane. The extracted solutions were examined in the gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) (Clarus 480) to measure the naphthalene and phenanthrene concentration.