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Final Engineering Design
Published in Connie Kelly Tang, Lei Zhang, Principles and Practices of Transportation Planning and Engineering, 2021
Land surveying provides information on property boundaries and topography. The right of way surveying offers specific property boundary information. The design surveying contains both boundary data and surface elevation data. And the construction surveying transfers all dimensional data from a set of design plans to the field where construction personnel can reference.
UAS Applications
Published in R. Kurt Barnhart, Douglas M. Marshall, Eric J. Shappee, Introduction to Unmanned Aircraft Systems, 2021
Aerial surveying is often confused with aerial mapping, and sometimes, the terms are used interchangeably. However, the term “surveying” is differentiated from mapping by the reference to measurement of physical characteristics. ESRI (2015) defines surveying as “measuring physical or geometric characteristics of the earth. Surveys are often classified by the type of data studied or by the instruments or methods used. Examples include geodetic, geologic, topographic, hydrographic, land, geophysical, soil, mine, and engineering surveys.” Many aerial surveys begin with an aerial map of an area of interest, but the process of surveying implies that characteristics are being measured beyond simple aerial imagery.
Applications of GNSS
Published in Basudeb Bhatta, Global Navigation Satellite Systems, 2021
Surveyors are frequently asked to undertake construction surveying work, which primarily includes the setting out of features such as buildings and roads as well as infrastructure, such as pipelines. Historically, this work has been undertaken using more conventional survey equipment, e.g., the total station. However, the advantages of static and RTK have been widely recognised for this work. The rapid nature of RTK in particular makes this work efficient and cost reductive (Figures 10.4 and 10.5). Automatic systems for bulldozers/graders use the cut/fill information to drive the hydraulic controls of the machine to automatically move the machine’s blade to grade (Figure 10.4). Use of 3D machine control dramatically reduces the number of survey stakes required on a job site, reducing time and cost.
Considerations for using historical geoscientific information in mineral resource estimation
Published in CIM Journal, 2022
R. Pressacco, L. Evans, W. E. Roscoe
Historical drill-hole information can exist in the form of physical drill logs containing records of drill-hole location, down-hole trajectories, lithologies, structural data, and assays (Figures 1 and 2). Historical drill-hole information can also exist as digital files that are stored on various media and in various data formats and file types. Physical forms of historical data include such materials as diamond drill core (Figure 3) or sample materials (Figures 4 and 5) that were collected by previous owners of a mineral property. In many cases, despite the age of the historical data, they remain valid, are often of great utility for the preparation of a mineral resource estimate, and can provide significant time and cost savings. However, the degree of confidence of the historical data can vary from one source to another or with time. In these cases, QPs may consider assigning a level of confidence to the historical data, which can subsequently be considered when preparing a mineral resource estimate. For example, the collar locations of drill holes and their elevations may have been determined by various methods of measurements with differing degrees of accuracies during successive drilling programs. These include pace-and-compass, cloth tape and compass, optical surveying methods (theodolites or total stations), handheld GPS (global positioning system) units, or survey-grade GPS units. Each of these methods will have varying degrees of accuracy to which confidence or quality factors can be assigned.
Data fusion for a GPS/INS tightly coupled positioning system with equality and inequality constraints using an aggregate constraint unscented Kalman filter
Published in Journal of Spatial Science, 2020
Hang Yu, Zengke Li, Jian Wang, Houzeng Han
Currently, GPS or other global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) have become a common navigation and positioning technology for many surveying and precise navigation applications. In dynamic environments, however, the GPS signals can be interrupted due to blockage or interference, and the positioning performance will be significantly degraded if frequent interruptions occur (Han et al. 2017a). In contrast to GPS, the inertial navigation system (INS) is an entirely self-contained dead-reckoning system, which, in this sense, is not dependent on any external source. However, it is hard for an INS to maintain long-term navigation performance, especially for a low-cost INS (Titterton et al. 2004). Therefore, the integration of GPS and INS is desirable due to their complementary attributes (Chang 2014a, 2014b, Gao et al. 2016), which can produce enhanced performance compared to the individual systems (Nassar et al. 2006, Li et al. 2018, Ning et al. 2018).
Impact of big data on supply chain management
Published in International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 2018
Seetha Raman, Nitin Patwa, Indu Niranjan, Ujjwal Ranjan, Krishna Moorthy, Ami Mehta
As noted in Table 1, a big data approach to decision making for logistics planning and scheduling using data collected via the use of RFID or sensors on manufacturing shop floors can be employed to assess customer demand and needs in real time (Zhong et al. 2015). Moreover, demand management (along with new manufacturing techniques and big data) can enable the supply chain to run concurrently, ensuring lower inventory costs and fast customer response times. Demand management also deals with the obsolescence of goods and wastage, especially for perishable goods, for which both agile and lean methodologies may be used (Christopher and Ryals 2014). To understand customers, global positioning system (GPS)-based surveys impose a lower respondent burden, offer greater accuracy and precision and incur fewer monetary costs, ultimately helping to understand demand and related issues better (Shankar 2015). GPS is a satellite-based navigation system, often adapted for surveying, as it can give a position (latitude, longitude and height) directly, without the need to measure angles and distances between intermediate points.