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Corrosion
Published in Mavis Sika Okyere, Mitigation of Gas Pipeline Integrity Problems, 2020
In order to decrease the amount of sacrificial anode material required for continual protection, submarine pipelines and subsea installations are almost invariably coated with an anti-corrosion system. The coating deteriorates with time, exposing an increasing area of bare metal, so that maximum current output by the cathodic protection system occurs at the very end of the installation design life. The final maximum current output requirement of the cathodic protection system is: Ic=Ac×ic×fc
The Legal Framework
Published in Douglas J. Cusine, John P. Grant, The Impact of Marine Pollution, 2019
Douglas J. Cusine, John P. Grant
The licensee’s obligations under the Model Clauses are supplemented in two ways. The first relates to insurance,137 in that certain additional obligations about construction, maintenance and operational procedure will be imposed on those who take out policies under the Offshore Pollution Liability Agreement (OPOL)138 and in the Hull Clauses Form of insurance for installations or in the London Standard Drilling Barge Form. They are further supplemented by statute. The ultimate sanction for breach of one of the conditions of the licence is revocation of the licence139 and, in the event of breach of one of the conditions of the insurance policy, the policy could be avoided. However, an inquiry which was set up to inquire into the collapse of the mobile jack-up platform Sea Gem in 1965 recommended that there should be a statutory code backed up by sanctions more effective than revocation of the licence, which admittedly has not proved necessary thus far.140 The Mineral Workings (Offshore Installations) Act 1971 gave the Secretary of State powers to produce such a code by delegated legislation.141 The Petroleum & Submarine Pipelines Act 1975, Part III of which came into force on 1 January 1976, requires that pipelines laid after that date be authorised by the Secretary of State, who may give directions about siting, capacity and design. To date, eleven sets of regulations have been made under the 1971 Act142 and two under the 1975 Act.143
Emergency Response System for Marine Oil Spill Accidents
Published in Lin Mu, Lizhe Wang, Jining Yan, Information Engineering of Emergency Treatment for Marine Oil Spill Accidents, 2019
Lin Mu, Lizhe Wang, Jining Yan
External causes of accidents of submarine pipelines and risers include collision of heavy objects on the sea surface, trawling of fishing boats, dredging, pipe laying or anchoring, anchor dragging, pipe abrasion caused by anchor chains, sunken ships and natural disasters, and internal causes include pipe corrosion, material and construction defects, and human errors [5].
Study on small leaks in submarine liquid pipelines based on passive acoustic internal detection method
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Yundong Ma, Shaohua Dong, Hang Zhang, Qignqing Xu, Haotian Wei, Weichao Qian
With the rapid development of offshore oil and gas operations in recent years, submarine oil and gas pipelines have become the fastest, safest, most reliable, and most economical way to continuously transport massive oil and gas resources. However, due to the instability of seabed foundations, medium corrosion, wave and current scouring, and marine accidents, submarine pipelines are prone to defects and damage, leading to oil and gas leakages that can result in huge economic losses and ecological and environmental disasters. In a submarine liquid pipeline, the timely detection of even small leaks (less than 1 L/min) caused by corrosion, aging, and crack formation, can critically impact pipeline safety. In addition, small leaks can gradually develop into serious leakage problems since they are challenging to identify. At present, many studies have also involved in detecting and locating pipeline leaks. The most widely used pipeline leakage detection techniques include the mass/volume balance, negative pressure wave, transient model, and distributed optical fiber methods. Juan Li et al. (2019) proposed a leak detection and location method that depends on the time difference and speed of NPW. A. Malekpour et al. (2021) proposed a real-time leak detection method based on the transient back analysis (ITA) method to capture the leakage and the relevant leakage rate in the tubing transportation system. Jia Zhang et al. (2022) established the attenuation amplitude model of leakage sound, and studied the law of vibro-acoustic signal in porous soil. Based on the acoustic characteristic parameters in time domain in the actual natural gas leakage test, the wave signal was studied. However, these approaches to pipeline leakage detection cannot be used to detect pipeline small leaks of less than 1 L/min.