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Reclamation of dimension stone deposits
Published in Vladimír Strakoš, Vladimír Kebo, Radim Farana, Lubomír Smutný, Mine Planning and Equipment Selection 1997, 2020
Excavating stone for the necessities of building construction and stone carving in Croatia is old as the preancient times. In the ancient age when throughout our coastal lands and islands the Greek colonies were formed and in particular in the Roman period, it achieved an enviable developement. Numerous epigrams speak about developed stonemason’s trade in the period of Roman Empire, and it is known that stone works in Croatia had been already known during the Greek-Illyrian period. It is witnessed by a number of material remains of building-construction and especially by huge carved stones built into defense walls of the urbane centres of that period.
Building contracts in the city of Girona from the fourteenth to the eighteenth century
Published in Ine Wouters, Stephanie Van de Voorde, Inge Bertels, Bernard Espion, Krista De Jonge, Denis Zastavni, Building Knowledge, Constructing Histories, 2018
Miquel Àngel Chamorro, Jordi Soler, Ramon Ripoll, Elena Vilagran
Despite the large number of eighteenth century works contracts available for consultation, there is one that stands out from the rest (as occurred with seventeenth century contracts). In this case, the contract is for the construction of the Hospice of Girona. It was signed on 26 March 1776 (AHG. Girona notary 3, nº. 792) and one of its main guarantors was the Bishop of Girona, Tomas de Lorenzana. The building was financed with rents from the neighbouring Casa de Misericordia, and the people in charge of the project were the academic architect, Ventura Rodriguez (who adhered to the classical orders), and the master builder, Agustín Cabot. This richly detailed document can be divided into three parts: the contractor’s general obligations; his commitment to do the work well, and the economic evaluation of the works. Included in the first group were the usual obligations found in any contractual document: completion date; contractor’s responsibility for materials, tools, workers and day labourers needed to do the work; the adequate removal of rubble from the site, and finally, an unusual clause—the right to use stones, bricks or roof tiles obtained from demolition for the new building. In the second group of obligations regarding good workmanship, the following can be highlighted: the stone masonry was to be well bound, filled with rubble and laid in courses; the stone carving was to be faultless; materials used were to be of the highest quality; arches and vaults (of whatever material) were to be solid and pleasing to the eye; the work would be carried out based on drawings and sectional drawings; the Works Director was required to pay for materials not listed in the contract, and the contractor would be responsible for any possible building faults. Included in the third group in relation to economic evaluation were the following: the work done would be measured at the end of each month to establish its value; length was measured with the Catalan cana, which equalled eight pams, each pam equalling twelve dozen; weight was measured using quintals, arroves, and Catalan pounds and ounces; payment was made in Catalan reals de ardite, equivalent to 24 diners; workers were required to use existing materials from the Casa de Misericordia site, and the notary public had to be paid.
Comparative assessment of shift in hearing threshold among handicraft operatives in India
Published in Ergonomics, 2019
Stone carving is the process in which natural stones are shaped into sculptures by the controlled removal of stone. It involves marking, cutting, finishing and polishing activities. This study was focused on the finishing stage. The principal tools needed by the carver during finishing are pencil, markers, hammer (varying size), chisels (point and tooth), files, saw, and sandpaper (Baral, Crasto, and Kumar, 2017). Marble and limestone have been the most preferred stones for carving.