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Hybrid Energy Systems for Water Industry
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Hybrid Energy Systems, 2021
The water purification system presented above utilized two modes of RE, solar, and wind. Wind energy was used to drive a vacuum pump which reduced the air pressure inside the system. The number of stages was optimized to be four, as any further increase in the number of stages was not justifiable from an economic point of view. The vapor pressures maintained in the successive stages of the still were 31, 27, 20, and 18 kPa. Constricting nozzles were used to connect the household drain with the recirculating loop and still. Solar energy was used to heat the water lying in the chambers of the still. Solar energy was transferred to the system from the bottom chamber via a heat exchanger and from the top by direct heating of the water. The fresh water production capacity of the investigated solar-collector four-stage solar still, when operated for 6 hours a day at a constant flux of 850 W/m2, was found to be 17.4 kg/m2/d at Vw = 1 m/s, which was greater than conventional multistage solar stills [168–171]. The annual cost of the system was approximately Rs. 7450, with the per unit water cost in the range of 0.5–1.2 Rs/kg for the wind speed range of 1–5 m/s. Water evaporated in four different stages, each separated by a distance of 10 cm. In the absence of wind, a hand-driven wheel can be used to drive the reciprocating pump to propel the water from ground to roof level. The suggested multistage solar desalination system can meet the fresh water needs of rural and urban communities by distilling 25–45 kg/d, considering wind speed is in the range of 1–5 m/s.
Applications of Nanofluids in Solar Thermal Systems
Published in K.R.V. Subramanian, Tubati Nageswara Rao, Avinash Balakrishnan, Nanofluids and Their Engineering Applications, 2019
Kalyani K. Chichghare, Divya P. Barai, Bharat A. Bhanvase
A typical experimental set up of three single basin solar still is depicted in Figure 13.22 [200]. Further, a solar energy-based water desalination unit utilizing a solar still is as shown in Figure 13.22. It is cheap and is easy to operate. [200–203]. The only main disadvantage of this solar still is less productivity. One of the best methods studied in various investigations to overcome this problem is addition of nanoparticles to the brackish/salt water, which helps in improving the thermophysical properties of water which leads to increases in the heat transfer process inside the solar still basin. Nanofluids have good optical absorption capacity due to the plasmon resonance absorption capacity band arising in the infrared and visible spectrum present in nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have commendable ability for absorbing the solar radiation in the water as the spectrum of solar radiation matches the optical absorption of nanoparticles. With increase in temperature, the thermal conductivity increases, leading to better thermal energy transfer inside the basin.
Applications
Published in Raj P. Chhabra, CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering Second Edition, 2017
Joshua D. Ramsey, Ken Bell, Ramesh K. Shah, Bengt Sundén, Zan Wu, Clement Kleinstreuer, Zelin Xu, D. Ian Wilson, Graham T. Polley, John A. Pearce, Kenneth R. Diller, Jonathan W. Valvano, David W. Yarbrough, Moncef Krarti, John Zhai, Jan Kośny, Christian K. Bach, Ian H. Bell, Craig R. Bradshaw, Eckhard A. Groll, Abhinav Krishna, Orkan Kurtulus, Margaret M. Mathison, Bryce Shaffer, Bin Yang, Xinye Zhang, Davide Ziviani, Robert F. Boehm, Anthony F. Mills, Santanu Bandyopadhyay, Shankar Narasimhan, Donald L. Fenton, Raj M. Manglik, Sameer Khandekar, Mario F. Trujillo, Rolf D. Reitz, Milind A. Jog, Prabhat Kumar, K.P. Sandeep, Sanjiv Sinha, Krishna Valavala, Jun Ma, Pradeep Lall, Harold R. Jacobs, Mangesh Chaudhari, Amit Agrawal, Robert J. Moffat, Tadhg O’Donovan, Jungho Kim, S.A. Sherif, Alan T. McDonald, Arturo Pacheco-Vega, Gerardo Diaz, Mihir Sen, K.T. Yang, Martine Rueff, Evelyne Mauret, Pawel Wawrzyniak, Ireneusz Zbicinski, Mariia Sobulska, P.S. Ghoshdastidar, Naveen Tiwari, Rajappa Tadepalli, Raj Ganesh S. Pala, Desh Bandhu Singh, G. N. Tiwari
Solar still also known as solar distillation system is a device that converts saline/brackish water into potable water with the help of solar energy. It imitates the natural distillation process with the difference that it operates in a closed loop. It can be classified into two parts namely passive solar still and active solar still. Saline or brackish water is directly fed into the basin in passive solar stills (Kudish et al., 1982; Delyannis and Delyannis, 1983; Tiwari et al., 1986; Yadav and Tiwari, 1987; Clark, 1990) but for active solar stills, there is an additional source of heat to provide thermal energy. This thermal energy is added to the saline/brackish water into the basin of passive solar still to increase the rate of evaporation.
Design and performance investigation of Continuous Solar Desalination Unit (CSDU)
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Mays Shadeed, Reem Ashqar, Lama Araj, Amer El-Hamouz, Hanan Al Koni
However, solar still has several drawbacks due to its low productivity which is a measure of the performance of a solar still and can be presented as the water output per area of a solar still per day. Efficiency is another performance indicator of the solar still. It is defined as the ratio of latent heat energy of the condensed water to the total amount of solar energy incident on the still (Dsilva et al. 2016). Generally, thermal efficiency of conventional solar still is approximately (35%-40%) with normal daily productivity of 3–4 L/m2.day (Ahsan and Fukuhara 2010).
The requirement of various methods to improve distillate output of solar still: a review
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2021
Hitesh Panchal, Dineshkumar Mevada, Ravishankar Sathyamurthy
In the solar still, the water is evaporated using solar energy. The contaminated water is taken in a well-insulated airtight basin covered with transparent glass cover. When the cover is exposed to the sun, radiation energy is transmitted through the transparent cover, falls in the basin, absorbed by the basin absorber plate, converted into heat and transferred to the water. Glass is the best material to cover because it has higher transmittance and less reflectivity (Panchal 2015).
Solar energy performance analysis of basin-type solar still under the effect of vacuum pressure
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2020
K. Karthik, A. Manimaran, R. Ramesh Kumar, J. Udaya Prakash
A solar still distils water, we can use the heat of the sun to evaporate, cool and then collect the water. They are used in areas where drinking water is unavailable, so that clean water is obtained from dirty water or from plants by exposing them to sunlight (Panchal and Sathyamurthi 2017).