China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Groundwater: Saltwater Intrusion
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Water Resources and Hydrological Systems, 2020
A direct way of detecting saltwater intrusion is by the geological technique of drilling monitoring wells. In aquifers where a thick saltwater-freshwater transition zone exists, it is of interest to monitor the continuous change in salt concentration across the transition zone. Monitoring such information requires taking water samples at different depths. This can be achieved by the use of packers that seal sections of the well, selectively, such that each section has its own screen. Water samples taken from different sections are not mixed with each other. Obviously, such an operation is tedious, and the data obtained are limited to the well’s location and to the elevation of the screened portions of the well. In order to cover a large area, a large number of wells need to be drilled, and the associated costs are usually high. The data obtained, however, are the most direct and, probably, the most accurate. Data obtained by this method are often used to calibrate data obtained by indirect methods, such as geophysical methods.
Wetlands: Tidal
Published in Yeqiao Wang, Wetlands and Habitats, 2020
William H. Conner, Jamie A. Duberstein, Andrew H. Baldwin
Eustatic sea-level rise and land subsidence have resulted in widespread hydrological changes in many freshwater forested wetlands [139–141]. The most widespread change is increased flooding depth and duration, followed by more prevalent and pervasive events of saltwater intrusion [142]. The frequency and severity of droughts and hurricanes are major natural factors that influence the extent and concentration of saltwater distribution that contributes to forest dieback in the coastal zone. Projected sea-level rise and changing climate are expected to accelerate the process and extent of saltwater intrusion into coastal freshwater forested wetlands, further impacting these habitats and restoration efforts [116].
Endocrine Disrupters in Drinking Water and Water Reuse
Published in Jason W. Birkett, John N. Lester, Endocrine Disrupters in Wastewater and Sludge Treatment Processes, 2002
During the 1960s, the Orange County Water District (OCWD) began a pilot plant scale reclamation project that has developed into Water Factory 21. The source of injection water is a blend of RO-treated reused water, carbon adsorption-treated reused water and deep well water. Direct nonpotable water reuse is utilized in the form of injection of treated wastewater into an aquifer to form a barrier against saltwater intrusion. However, up to 50% of the injected effluent ends up augmenting the water supply used for indirect potable drinking water abstraction. Advanced treatment processes are shown in Figure 7.4. Three RO systems were studied at Water Factory 21.142
Combining multi-source data to identify the paleochannel system in the saltwater intrusion area
Published in Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2023
Chao Jia, Kaifang Kong, Yue Yao, Xiao Yang, Deqiang Wang, Shuai Shao
The detection of salt transport in saltwater intrusion areas also includes many geochemical methods, such as monitoring point sampling and analysis techniques (Panthi et al. 2022) isotope tracing techniques (Martínez-Pérez et al. 2022), which have led to important advances in saltwater intrusion mechanisms and identification methods. Br/Cl in water can indicate the source of salinity in water and thus determine the channel of saltwater intrusion (Ouhamdouch, Bahir, and Carreira 2017); the analysis of groundwater hydrochemical data allows the investigation of different mechanisms of saltwater formation and saltwater intrusion patterns (Han et al. 2014); while hydrochemical phase evolution diagrams have been applied to the identification of brackish water in coastal areas worldwide(Giménez-Forcada 2010); historical observations of water chemistry combined with fuzzy analytic hierarchy process can be used to evaluate the extent of brackish water intrusion (Yang et al. 2022). Geochemical methods can be used to detect the extent of saltwater intrusion.
Water metal contaminants in a potentially mineral-deficient population of Haiti
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2018
Zorimar Rivera-Núñez, Zezhen Pan, Bazelais Dulience, Haley Becker, Joe Steensma, Angela Hobson, Daniel E. Giammar, Lora L. Iannotti
Overall, the seasonal variability of metal concentrations was very low but samples were collected during two time periods only (summer and fall). The higher Ba/Ca ratio during summer may indicate different interactions between seawater and groundwater throughout the year. Additionally, the spatial variation of the Ba/Ca ratio may indicate the potential risk of saltwater intrusion (Alcalá and Custodio 2008). Saltwater intrusion is the movement of saline water into a freshwater aquifer, which can lead to contamination of drinking water sources (Sudaryanto 2018). It is possible that the increased extraction of water from wells for drinking purposes in Cap-Haïtien has facilitated the intrusion of marine water to portions of the local aquifer (Han et al. 2011). A saltwater intrusion not only decreases the freshwater storage capacity of the aquifer but may also have adverse effects on the health of human populations who use the affected aquifer as their primary source for drinking water.
A system-of-systems framework for exploratory analysis of climate change impacts on civil infrastructure resilience
Published in Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 2018
The impacts of climate change stressors and corresponding adaptation alternatives can be realized at two levels: network and asset levels. For example, coastal flooding is an impact affecting a network of infrastructure for which different adaptation alternatives (e.g. installing storm water pump stations, constructing breakwater barriers, and population relocation) may be considered. At the asset level, the impacts of climate change stressors on different types of infrastructure varies. For example, saltwater intrusion into fresh water wells is one of the major impacts of sea level rise on water supply infrastructure. Possible adaptation action alternatives for coping with saltwater intrusion include exploitation of aquifers in non-affected areas, building desalination capacity in treatment plants, and building additional reclaimed water production facilities. These adaptation actions may be implemented by different actors for the identified exposed assets at different points in time and in response to the perceived state of nature related to different stressors.