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Dimension stones
Published in Francis P. Gudyanga, Minerals in Africa, 2020
Slate can be produced by quarrying from a slate quarry or by reaching through tunnel in a slate mine. The slate can be made into roofing slates which are a type of roof shingle or a type of roof tile. They can be split into thin sheets which remain relatively flat and easy to stack.
Energy Management and Energy Conservation Opportunities
Published in Anil Kumar, Om Prakash, Prashant Singh Chauhan, Samsher, Energy Management, 2020
Anil Kumar, Om Prakash, Prashant Singh Chauhan, Samsher
Large Purchasing DecisionsVerify the functionality of the appliances from check meters before its replacement.Always check the energy efficiency rating (“Energy Star” label) on appliances before purchasing.Select energy-efficient washing machines, which consume less energy.Choose dryers which have moisture sensors that automatically turn off the machine when clothes are dry.Avoid using automatic ice makers, which consume more energy. Side-by-side refrigerators also consume more energy than a typical model.Induction cook tops are the most energy-efficient cooking stove.Try to use or buy green energy, which is non-polluted, like solar or wind or biomass energy.Replace old windows with energy-efficient types.Prefer ecofriendly natural gas furnaces.Choose those appliances which consume less energy and are more efficient.Use light colored roof shingle/tiles to avoid heat absorption.
New Construction Energy Evaluations
Published in Stan Harbuck, Donna Harbuck, Residential Energy Auditing and Improvement, 2021
While dimensions or measurements provided on the plans are obviously the most important reason for reviewing plans, symbols used in the plan, although not critical, may also be useful to understand the drawings better. Many plans have a legend or key to explain the symbols. In addition, you may be interested in the “schedule” or “notes,” found either among the drawings or in a separate bound or stapled document called “specifications.” Specifically, look for the window and door schedule that describes the different sizes and types of windows in the building, and may include the energy rating for them as well. This may include a requirement that the windows be NFRC rated. It may give the required maximum U-value and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) and the minimum visible light transmittance of the windows. Some other specifications that may be useful include roof shingle color and reflectivity requirements, the schedules for thermal barrier application (gives the minimum R value for walls, ceiling, and floors), residential commissioning (gives the maximum air leakage in cubic feet per minute per square foot of building envelope and maximum duct system air leakage to the outside), special house-to-garage air barrier and sealing requirements, the minimum efficiency factor for a water heater, the required sealing characteristics for ducts and limits on using panned joists as return ducts, special energy truss roof structure requirements, requirements that bath and kitchen ducts exhaust to the exterior, the required SEER rating for the air conditioning system, whether furnace sizing will be within certain limits of the most recently accepted version of the ACCA Manual J, required heating efficiencies of heat pumps or furnaces, some level sound and automation requirements, and whether unvented combustion appliances will be allowed. You typically can also find any important material properties and vapor barrier requirements and specifications. Some of the dimensions may have to be calculated indirectly from dimensions provided in the drawings, as it is unusual to have every possible dimension laid out in the plans.
Effects of working posture and roof slope on activation of lower limb muscles during shingle installation
Published in Ergonomics, 2020
Amrita Dutta, Scott P. Breloff, Fei Dai, Erik W. Sinsel, Christopher M. Warren, Robert E. Carey, John Z. Wu
The current study assessed the effects of roof slope and kneeling posture on the maximum normalized activation of knee postural muscles in sloped residential roof shingle installation. Both the static and dynamic kneeling postures were studied as potential knee MSD risk factors because the peak activation of the muscle can be obtained in either of these scenarios (Andriacchi and Favre 2014). The five bilateral muscles were included in the current study, as they are responsible for the flexion and extension of each knee joint during kneeling and the increased activation of these muscles is potentially associated with MSD developments (Kingston et al. 2016).