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The Case Study Area
Published in Adey Nigatu Mersha, Integrated Water Resources Management: A Systems Perspective of Water Governance and Hydrological Conditions, 2021
The Awash River Basin in Ethiopia is located between 7°53‘N and 12°N latitudes and 37°57‘E and 43°25‘E longitudes (Figure 2-1). The river originates from the central highlands of Ethiopia on a high plateau near Ginchi town west of the capital Addis Ababa and flows down north-east along the rift valley into the Afar triangle, and terminates in salty Lake Abbe, bordering Ethiopia with Djibouti, making it the only endorheic of the 12 major river basins of the country. The significant portion of the basin lies within the Great East African Rift Valley. The total length of the main river course is about 1200 km. It covers a total drainage area of about 110,000 km2, of which about 58% drains directly to the river whereas the rest of the area, known as the Eastern Catchment, is dominated by arid area where it mostly exhausts its runoff before joining the main river for direct flow contribution (Berhe et. al., 2013, Halcrow, 2008). The elevation of the basin is in the range of 210 - 4195 m.a.s.l between the valley area and highest points along the origin and the western escarpments respectively, indicating the significance of altitudinal variation to markedly influence microclimates in the basin, and hence, water demands and water use practices. Based on biophysical conditions and socio-economic significance, the Awash Basin is customarily divided into Upper Valley (all lands above 1,500 m ASL), Middle Valley (1,500 – 1,000 m ASL), Lower Valley (1000 - 500 m ASL) and Eastern Catchment closed sub-basin (2,500 - 1,000 m ASL). The Upper, Middle and Lower Valley are part of the Great East African Rift Valleys.
Magmatism and Magmatic Rocks
Published in Aurèle Parriaux, Geology, 2018
This configuration is typical of intra-continental rift valleys (also called graben). One of the most extensive rifts links a series of large lakes in East Africa. In Europe, the Rhine Graben extends from Basel to Frankfurt (Fig. 6.10); the Rhine plain is sinking while the Vosges and the Black Forest are moving apart.
Magmatism and Magmatic Rocks
Published in Aurèle Parriaux, Geology, 2018
This configuration is typical of intra-continental rift valleys (also called graben). One of the most extensive rifts links a series of large lakes in East Africa. In Europe, the Rhine Graben extends from Basel to Frankfurt (Fig. 6.10); the Rhine plain is sinking while the Vosges and the Black Forest are moving apart.
Irrigation with permeates to upgrade the quality of red pepper: a case study in Arava region, Israel
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Beni Lew, Olga Tarnapolski, Yiftah Afgin, Yosi Portal, Timea Ignat, Vladimir Yudachev, Amos Bick
The spotlight of this research is growing of red pepper that is an important widespread agricultural crop in the Arava area, and in the south part of Israel [19]. The Arava belongs to the longitudinal Syrian-African Rift Valley. This desert is more than 160 km long, extends from the Dead Sea in the north to the Gulf of Aqaba. This is an arid region with 50 mm of rain per year, 40.5°C annual average temperature and a poor in nutrient and sand soil. The major crop in the Arava Valley during the winter is sweet bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.); about 60% of the sweet bell pepper that is designated for export from Israel is grown in this region during the fall and winter; the growth area is estimated at 2000 ha. Pepper plants are sensitive to drought stress and moderately sensitive to salt stress and little is known about the influence of water quality on pepper fruit quality after harvest and prolonged storage. To aid pepper growers, Israel’s Agriculture ministry encourages researchers and farmers to spread out their crop growths more evenly and make them more resilient to changing economic conditions [20,21]. Pepper characteristics are an order of different features such as colour, flavour, texture, visual appearance and nutritional value [22].
Groundwater vulnerability assessment using modified SINTACS model in Wadi Shueib, Jordan
Published in Annals of GIS, 2020
Muheeb Awawdeh, Noor Al-Kharabsheh, Mutawakil Obeidat, Mohsen Awawdeh
From a hydrogeological point of view, the aquifer system in the area under consideration is divided into two main aquifer systems (Hellmut and Trippler1977): the lower Cretaceous complex (Kurnub sandstone), and the upper Cretaceous aquifer complex (Figure 3). The lower aquifer system consists of varicoloured sandstone and is exposed in the west of Mahis town; it has a thickness ranging between 220 and 300 m. The upper aquifer system includes the Ajloun and Belqa groups with an age ranging from Upper Cretaceous to Lower Tertiary. The Ajloun group represents the main aquifer system in the study area, where the aquifers are composed of limestone, dolomitic limestone, and marl. Three main formations of this group are considered aquifers. These are Na’ur formation (A1/A2), Hummar formation (A4), and Wadi Es Sir formation (A7). On the other hand, Shueib and Fuheis formations are classified as aquitards. There are twenty-two springs emerging from this aquifer system; five from A4, nine from A7 and eight from A1/A2 (Al-Kharabsheh and Al-Kharabsheh 2014). Ten representative springs were selected for the purpose of investigation in this study. Where B1 is classified as aquitard, and B2 as aquifer (Werz 2006), but B1 is missing in some places, and thus B2 directly overlies A7, forming a composite aquifer. The fractured study area is highly related to the rift valley.
Turbulence regulation of Microcystis surface scum formation and dispersion during a cyanobacteria bloom event
Published in Inland Waters, 2020
Aya Hozumi, Ilia Ostrovsky, Assaf Sukenik, Hezi Gildor
Lake Kinneret is a subtropical monomictic freshwater lake, located in the Afro-Syrian Rift Valley. The lake is 22 km long and 12 km wide, average depth ∼19–22 m with a maximum depth of ∼39–44 m, depending on the season. The lake is used for recreation and commercial fisheries. Its water quality and watershed management have been monitored and regulated since 1969 (Ostrovsky et al. 2013). The lake is stratified from April each year, and an anoxic hypolimnion forms from June until winter mixing occurs in late December. Inorganic P and N concentrations increase in the euphotic depths following holomixis. Chlorophyll concentration and algal biomass peak between April and May (Berman et al. 1995), and since 1995 Microcystis blooms are a common end of winter occurrence (Feb–Mar; Zohary 2004, Sukenik et al. 2014).