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An Overview of the Internet of Things Technologies Focusing on Disaster Response
Published in Iman Rahimi, Amir H. Gandomi, Simon James Fong, M. Ali Ülkü, Big Data Analytics in Supply Chain Management, 2020
Reinaldo Padilha França, Ana Carolina Borges Monteiro, Rangel Arthur, Yuzo Iano
In turn, with regard to nature and natural disasters, they have an effect on helping to renew and maintain ecosystems, supply natural water sources, and create relief, among others. Some common examples are storms, earthquakes, and tsunamis, hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons, floods, landslides, endemics, epidemics, pandemics, erosion, volcanic eruption, tropical cyclone, fires (when not caused by human action), flood, fall of a meteor, volcanic eruptions, among others. However, as much as man is able to evolve, accumulate wealth, develop technologies, build cities, nothing is capable of overcoming nature. Thus, Natural Disasters represent a set of phenomena that are part of terrestrial geodynamics; therefore, the nature of the planet, which can bring catastrophic consequences for people and as much as the technology in the area, is advanced; many natural disasters can be predictable [3,4].
Preliminary results of spatiotemporal mapping of vegetation and land use patterns in the Assoli Prefecture, Kara Region, Togo
Published in Jürgen Runge, Assogba Guézéré, Laldja Kankpénandja, Natural Resources, Socio-Ecological Sensitivity and Climate Change in the Volta-Oti Basin, West Africa, 2020
I. Djeri, Z. Koumoï, T. Soussou
The tropical Sudanian-type climate is characterised by the alternation of a long dry season from November-May and a rainy season for the rest of the year. The configuration of the relief and the severity of the climate determines major vegetation types. Assoli Prefecture is covered with open and dry forest (ODF) and forest-savannah mosaics (FSM). They are growing on different soils, but there are more or less homogeneous entities allowing to classify them into three groups (DRDAT/Kara 2009). In Assoli Prefecture, the typical soils are lithic, tropical ferruginous, and ferralitic soils. These soils are exploited by the dominant ethnical group Tem. The Tem are the main indigenous ethnical group, and they live in harmony with the Kabyè, Lamba, Bassar and Peulh who migrated from neighboring districts to Assoli to develop agriculture. The coming together of these social and ethnic groups explains the rapid growth of the overall population in Assoli Prefecture. The main activities are food crops production accompanied by logging, production of charcoal, firewood and construction wood.
Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources
Published in Zied Haj-Amor, Salem Bouri, Climate Change Impacts on Coastal Soil and Water Management, 2020
Quantifying groundwater recharge and storage is challenging, especially given the absence of long-term observations of climate variables such as rainfall and evapotranspiration. The hydrologic process of recharge and storage is affected by many factors including climate variables (e.g. temperature and rainfall), soil properties (e.g. soil water content), relief properties (e.g. slope), shallow aquifer properties, vegetation cover, and agricultural water practices. These factors can lead to non-linear responses in recharge rates to changes in rainfall or evapotranspiration (Ng et al. 2010). Accordingly, the groundwater recharge rates will be the result of the interaction of all of these factors at the level of the monitored area. Good quantifying for all of these factors is essential for accurately estimating future groundwater recharge (i.e. estimation with high accuracy). However, natural climate cycles and anthropogenic factors (e.g. increase in groundwater pumping) may decrease the accuracy of estimation (Melillo et al. 2014).
Estimating methane emissions using vegetation mapping in the taiga–tundra boundary of a north-eastern Siberian lowland
Published in Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 2019
T. Morozumi, R. Shingubara, R. Suzuki, H. Kobayashi, S. Tei, S. Takano, R. Fan, M. Liang, T. C. Maximov, A. Sugimoto
We classified vegetation in the Indigirka lowland into nine categories for upscaling of CH4 emission over the region in the following three steps. In the first step, microtopographic vegetation classification was conducted. This classification was made based on the zonal distribution of vegetation (therefore plant species) in relation to micro-relief (which results in differences in soil moisture) and tree distribution (Liang et al., 2014). It is well known that soil moisture gradients cause differences in CH4 flux (Olefeldt et al., 2013). Therefore, this first step in the classification – on the microtopography – is considered to reflect gradients in CH4 emission. In the second step, plant species-based vegetation classes were delineated. This classification was made via plant species composition.
Climatic, geomorphic and anthropogenic drivers of the 2014 extreme flooding in the Jhelum basin of Kashmir, India
Published in Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2018
Shakil A. Romshoo, Sadaff Altaf, Irfan Rashid, Reyaz Ahmad Dar
The Kashmir valley forms a composite basin with fairly well developed drainage system and Jhelum forming the main channel of the drainage. The bordering mountain ranges remain snow covered almost throughout the year and provide ground for the development of a number of streams which have more or less established their own entities within valley. These tributary drainage basins together with the river Jhelum constitutes the drainage system of the Kashmir valley. The valley is filled with ∼4265 ft thick Plio-Pleistocene fluvio-glacio-lacustrine sediments which are generally known as the ‘Karewas’ (Kotlia 1985; Dar et al. 2013). Recent studies in the basin demonstrated the spatial variation of tectonic activity along the Pir Panjal and Great Himalayan mountain ranges, pointing to a general trend of higher degree of tectonic activity towards the Pir Panjal flank of the basin (Dar et al. 2014). The tectonic activity has tilted the Kashmir basin towards northeast with the result the Jhelum has an asymmetrical position in the valley floor lying close to the Great Himalayan flank than to the Pir Panjal flank. The altitudinal variation, between 3543 ft and a maximum of 17,520 ft, implies a great variation in the geomorphic characteristics of the valley. Besides imparting potential energy to the drainage systems, the relief also induces variations in temperature, precipitation and vegetation cover over the basin.
Identification of erosion-prone areas using modified morphometric prioritization method and sediment production rate: a remote sensing and GIS approach
Published in Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2019
Ajaykumar K. Kadam, Tasadoq H. Jaweed, Sanjay S. Kale, Bhavana N. Umrikar, Rabindranath N. Sankhua
Difference in the elevation between the highest point of a watershed and the lowest point on the valley floor is known as the relief. There is a strong correlation between hydrological characteristics and the Relief of a drainage basin (Schumm 1956). The parameters include Relief ratio (Rhl), which is fraction of the basin relief (R) and the basin length (L), the high Rhl, representing more erosive influence due to steep slope. Average slope is a morphometric parameter of hydrological significance (Mesa 2006) that shows the speed of soil overland flow and time for run-off accumulation.